Michael Faraday’s contribution into Physics

1. Michael Faraday is considered to have been one of the great scientists in history. Some historians of science refer to him as the greatest experimentalist in the history of science. It was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology. The SI unit of capacitance, the farad (symbol F), is named after him.

He was the first to link electricity to magnetism and then link magnetism back to electricity - i.e. he induced an electric current using magnets - thus inventing the dynamo, predecessor to today's electric generator.

2. In 1821, soon after the Danish chemist, Hans Christian Orsted discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetism, Davy and William Hyde Wollaston tried but failed to design an electric motor. Faraday, having discussed the problem with the two men, went on to build two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire. A wire extending into a pool of mercury with a magnet placed inside would rotate around the magnet if charged with electricity by a chemical battery. This device is known as a homopolar motor. These experiments and inventions form the foundation of modern electromagnetic technology.

3. Ten years later, in 1831, he began his great series of experiments in which he discovered electromagnetic induction He found that if he moved a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current flowed in the wire. The current also flowed if the loop was moved over a stationary magnet. His demonstrations established that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. This relation was mathematically modeled by Faraday's law, which subsequently became one of the four Maxwell’s equations. These in turn evolved into the generalization known as field theory. Faraday then used the principle to construct the electric dynamo, the ancestor of modern power generators.

4. Faraday also dabbled in chemistry, discovering chemical substances such as benzene, inventing the system of oxidation numbers, and liquefying gases such as chlorine. He also discovered the laws of electrolysis and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode, and ion.

5. In 1845 he discovered what is now called the Faraday effect and the phenomenon that he named diamagnetism. The plane of polarization of linearly polarized light propagated through a material medium can be rotated by the application of an external magnetic field aligned in the propagation direction. This established that magnetic force and light were related.

6. In his work on static electricity, Faraday demonstrated that the charge only resided on the exterior of a charged conductor, and exterior charge had no influence on anything enclosed within a conductor. This is because the exterior charges redistribute so that the interior fields due to them cancel. This shielding effect is used in what is now known as a Faraday cage.

 

III. Укажите, какое из данных утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста.

1. The dynamo invented by M. Faraday was a predecessor to nowadays’ generators.

2. It was M. Faraday who invented the system of oxidation numbers.

3. M. Faraday proved that the charge only resided on the exterior of a charged conductor, and exterior charge had a great influence on anything enclosed within a conductor.

IV. Выберите правильные ответы на вопросы.

1) What device invented by M. Faraday became a predecessor to electric generators?

a. The invention of the dynamo.

b. The invention of the modulator.

2) What scientist translated Faraday’s experiments into mathematical language?

a. W.H.Wallaston did it.

b. Clerk Maxwell did it.

V. Прочитайте предложения. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.

1) He was the first to link electricity to magnetism.

a. Он впервые соединил электричество и магнетизм.

b. Он был первым, кто соединил электричество и магнетизм.

2) This established that magnetic force and light were related.

a. Это доказало, что магнитная сила и свет взаимосвязаны.

b. Это установило, что магнитная сила и свет относительны.

3) Faraday also dabbled in chemistry, discovering chemical substances such as benzene.

a. Фарадей также занимался химией, открывая химические вещества, такие, как бензин.

b. Фарадей также занимался химией, открыв химические вещества, такие, как бензол.

VI. Переведите письменно абзацы 2 – 4 текста “Michael Faraday’s contribution into Physics”.

Контрольная работа № 2

Для того, чтобы выполнить задания, необходимо освоить следующие разделы по грамматике:

I. Видовременные формы глагола:

а) активный залог формы Simple (Present, Past, Future); формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future); формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future);

б) пассивный залог и способы перевода пассивного сказуемого.

Обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций на русский язык:

It is said – говорят; It is known – известно

Examples: In 1837 Morse invented the electrical tube. invented – Past Indefinite Active (изобрел)

In 1912 Zworykin was allowed to continue his education. was allowed – Past Indefinite Passive (разрешили)

II. Модальные глаголы.

Модальные глаголы, выражающие возможность: can (could), may (might) и их эквиваленты (can – to be able to; may – to be allowed to); глагол must, выражающий долженствование и его заменитель – to have to, а также глагол should.

III. Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I, Participle II, Gerund.

Examples: Based on their pioneering efforts in radio he tried to convince them to do research in television. based – Participle II

Morse demonstrated a recording telegraph. recording – Participle I

He earned money by painting portraits. painting – Gerund

IV. Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения.

Example: Their argument which continued throughout the night was finally resolved.

which continued throughout the night – определительное придаточное предложение.

Вариант 1

I. Перепишите предложения, выбрав подходящий модальный глагол. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: These samples ( may/ have to/ is to ) be chosen deliberately. – Эти образцы могут быть отобраны (можно отобрать) произвольно.

1. There are several ways a digital or analog signal ( may/ must/ had better ) be transmitted, including coaxial and fiber-optic cables.

2. For the first time, a signal ( should/ have to/ could ) be sent faster than any other mode of transportation.

3. Laser beams ( have to/ may/ might ) ultimately replace cables in telecommunications.

4. He ( is not able/ mustn’t/ couldn’t ) to complete this work himself.

II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните слова, которые выражены Participle I, Participle II или Gerund, указав, чем они являются (из вышеназванных). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: There are several ways of obtaining this substance. (Gerund) – Существует несколько способов получения этого вещества.

1. Einstein didn’t enjoy talking very much; in fact, he waited till he was three before he started to talk.

2. When studying elements Mendeleyev found that they could be divided into nine groups.

3. New technologies reduce the number of workers needed.

4. Some of the first communications satellites were designed to operate in a passive mode.

III. Перепишите предложения, выбрав подходящие по смыслу видовременные формы глагола. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Укажите время и залог выбранных форм глаголов.

Example: The engineer was asked/ asked to test the device. (Past Simple, Passive Voice) – Инженера попросили испытать механизм.

1. The professor describe/ has described achievements in robotics to his students.

2. The new engine is testing/ is being tested in the laboratory now.

3. Our industry will introduce/ will be introduced complex robots with minicomputers into production in the future.

4. The students allowed/ were allowed to watch a new robot model in operation.

IV. Определите глаголы-сказуемые в предложениях. Перепишите предложения, преобразуя глаголы-сказуемые из активного в пассивный залоги, сохраняя временные формы глаголов. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: A.S. Popov invented theradio in 1895. – The radio was invented by A.S. Popov in 1895. – Радио было изобретено А.С. Поповым в 1895 году.

1. The technician was testing a new device from 11 till 12 yesterday.

2. Computers will find wide applications in different branches of engineering soon.

3. Lasers use the properties of bound electrons.

4. Scientists have made a lot of important developments in technology over the last 10 years.

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