IV. Check your knowledge of books and authors.

Who are these books written by? Answer the questions, using the following substitution pattern.

“Dombey and Son” “The Adventure of Tom Sawyer” “Oliver Twist” “David Copperfield” “Treasure Island” “The Last of the Mohicans” “The Headless Horseman” “The Prince and the Pauper” “Pickwick Papers” “Gulliver`s Travels” “Winnie the Pooh” “The Invisible Man” “Martin Eden” “The Advantures of Sherlock Holmes” “Uncle Tom`s Cabin” “Three Men in a Boat” “The War of the Worlds” “Robinson Crusoe” “Ivanhoe” “Alice in Wonderland” “The Forsyte Saga” “The Jungle Book” “Jane Eyre” “Little Dorrit”

is written by

Charles Dickens Jerome K. Jerome Mark Twain Fenimore Cooper Alexander Milne Harriet Beecher-Stowe Arthur Conan Doyle Daniel Defoe Jack London Herbert Wells Lewis Carroll Charlotte Brontё Jonathan Swift Rudyard Kipling Thomas Mayne Reid John Galsworthy Walter Scott Robert Louis Stevenson

ENGLISH MEALS

Eating habits differ in different countries and families. They differ in manners, in the amount of meals and in time of having it.

Traditionally English people have three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Breakfast is served in the morning. It used to be a large meal with porridge, eggs and bacon, sausages, tomatoes. But such a large breakfast takes a long time to prepare and is not very healthy. Since the 1970`s eating habits in Britain have undergone a change. People have been encouraged by doctors, health experts and government advertisements to eat less fat and more fibre. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. Forty per cent of adults in Britain are overweight and Britain has one of the highest death rates due to cardiovascular disease in the world. Britons have also become more aware of calories, the energy value of food. Some people count the number of calories they eat every day, so that they can try to take in fewer calories and lose weight. Food manufactures have started to help the general public to make more informed choices about what they eat.

Nowadays, Britain`s most popular breakfast consists of porridge, toast with marmalade, juice and yogurt with a cup of tea or coffee.

At midday everything is stopped for lunch. Most offices and small shops are closed for an hour and the city pavements are full of people on their way to cafes, coffee bars, restaurants. Factory workers usually eat in their canteens.

The English like what they call “good plain food”. They must be able to recognize what they are eating. Usually they like steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pudding and fish and chips.

Afternoon tea is taken at about 5 o`clock, but it can hardly be called a meal. It is a cup of tea and cake or biscuits. At the weekends afternoon tea is a special occasion. Friends and visitors are often invited to have achat over acup of tea. It is common knowledge that the English are very fond of tea. They like to have a nice cup of tea 6 or 8 times a day, sometimes even more.

Dinner is the most substantial meal of the day. It is usually eaten at 7 o`clock. The first course may be soup (though the English don`t like it very much). The main course will often be fish or meat, perhaps the traditional roast beef of old England, and a lot of vegetables. The next course will be something sweet and often cooked, such as a fruit pie. Last of all there may be cheese, often with biscuits.

In recent years, foreign foods have become a regular part of the British diet. Indian and Chinese dishes are particularly popular for evening meals.

On Christmas Day a roast turkey is traditionally cooked for dinner. It is usually followed by Christmas pudding. Long before Christmas housewives begin to plan what cake to make for Christmas. Usually they make fantastic Christmas cakes.

My family isn`t large. It consists of four members. But each member of our family has his own tastes and interests. For example, my brother is fond of sports. So early in the morning he goes jogging. That`s why he has nothing to eat before it, because it would be bad for him to eat before exercises. But when he comes back, he has a shower and is more than ready for breakfast. He always needs a cup of coffee to really wake him up. His breakfast usually consists of a bowl of porridge with milk and sugar. This he follows by toasts and juice. My father eats the same as my brother.

My mother has a lighter breakfast of just yoghurt and a grapefruit. As for me, at the weekend I like to get up late and have a good breakfast of scrambled eggs, or pancakes, or something like that. But on weekdays I`m always short of time in the morning. So I just have a cup of strong tea or coffee and a couple of sandwiches.

We don`t have our main meal at lunchtime. My father takes sandwiches with him to work. To be healthy, he also eats fruit. My mother is able to be more varied in her lunches, because she is a housewife. It means that she can prepare what she likes. Her favourite dish is roast meat.

As I spend a lot of time at the University it`s necessary to have a snack at midday just to keep me going. That`s why I have to go to the university self-service canteen to have lunch. There is a good variety of courses served in our canteen. For the first course you can take mushroom soup, noodle soup, borsch, solyanka. For the second course you can take chops, rissoles, chicken Kiev, fish with mashed potatoes or fried or boiled potatoes, macaroni, rice or buckwheat for garnish. There are different rolls, buns and cakes, tea, coffee, juice or stewed fruit for dessert. Usually I take a noodle soup with two slices of white or rye bread (it depends on my mood), a rissole without garnish and a juice. As our canteen is open not only for the students of the University there are always a lot of people in it all day long.

But I enjoy my evening meal at home. Our evening meal is usually eaten at 7 o`clock. My mother is a wonderful cook and her dinners are always delicious and various.

To begin with, we usually have some salad — tomato and cucumber salad or mixed salad (I like it very much). For the first course we have some soup — noodle, mushroom or cabbage soup, or maybe some fish soup for a change. For the main course we have meat, chicken or fish dishes, for example, steak or fried fish with spaghetti or boiled or fried potatoes. We also have a lot of vegetables — green peas, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers. I prefer meat to fish but my mother makes me eat fish from time to time. She says it`s good for my brains.

For dessert we have some fruit, fruit juice or just a cup of tea with a slice of cake.

On Sundays we sometimes go to McDonald`s. I like everything there: cheeseburgers, hamburgers and Big Macs, apple pies and fruit cocktails. But unfortunately we can`t afford to go there very often, because it`s rather expensive for a family and besides, they say it`s not very healthy to eat at McDonald`s.

Questions:

1. How many meals a day do the English have? What are they?

2. What did they use to eat for breakfast?

2. What does an English breakfast consist of nowadays?

4. Eating habits in Britain have undergone a change, haven`t they?

5. Why do some of people count the number of calories they eat?

6. Where do people usually have their lunch?

7. What do the British have for the main meal of the day?

8. What do you know about 5 o`clock tea in England?

9. What is a traditional English dinner?

10. Is your family large?

11. What do your family have for breakfast?

12. Do you have your main meal together?

13. When do you have your main meal?

14. What do you have for supper (dinner)?

Vocabulary (transcribe the words, learn them by heart):

all day long – целый день, весь день

bacon and eggs – яичница с беконом

biscuits – сухое печенье, галета

buckwheat – гречка

bun – булочка (круглая)

café – кафе

canteen – столовая (на месте работы)

cardiovascular disease — сердечно-сосудистое заболевание

chicken Kiev – котлета по-киевски

chop – отбивная котлета

coffee bar – буфет, закусочная

cornflakes – кукурузные хлопья

dessert – десерт

fat — жир

fibre — грубая пища

from time to time – время от времени

garnish – гарнир

housewife – домохозяйка

jogging — бег трусцой

macaroni – макароны

main course – главное, основное блюдо

marmalade – конфитюр

mashed potatoes – картофельное пюре

mushroom soup – грибной суп

noodle soup – суп-лапша

obesity — ожирение

pancakes – блинчики

pavement – тротуар

porridge — овсяная каша

restaurant – ресторан

rice – рис

rissole – рубленая котлета

roast beef – ростбиф

roast meat — жареное мясо

roll – булочка, рулет

scrambled eggs – яичница-болтунья

steak – стейк, бифштекс

stewed fruit – компот

substantial – значительный, важный, существенный

to be aware of — быть осведомленным

to be short of time – испытывать нехватку времени

to have achat over acup of tea – поболтать за чашкой чая

to have a snack – перекусить

to keep going – не останавливаться, продолжать действовать; держаться, не сдаваться

to recognize – признавать, различать

toast – тост, жареный хлеб

yogurt (yoghurt, youghurt) – йогурт

Exercises

I. Compose your own sentences with the following words:

all day long, from time to time, garnish, housewife, jogging, main course, pavement, porridge, scrambled eggs, substantial, to be short of time, to have achat, to have a snack, to keep going, to recognize, obesity, cardiovascular disease, to be aware of.

II.Speaking

Comment on the following:

1. Breakfast should be the most substantial meal of the day, dinner (supper) is the least.

2. Obesity is the reason of heart disease.

3. People should be more aware of calories and keep a balanced diet.

4. It`s better to eat 5 times a day.

TEST 6

I. Match the words on the left with the definitions on the right:

1. salmon 2. caviar 3. menu 4. champagne 5. chop 6. bill 7. asparagus 8. waiter 9. palate 10. tip 11. dinner 12. mouthful 13. digestion 14. luncheon

a. a list of dishes to be ordered in a restaurant b. as much food or drink as fills the mouth c. a meal eaten in the middle of the day d. a plant whose young shoots are cooked and eaten as a vegetable e. the ability to judge food or wine f. white sparkling French wine g. gift of money to a porter, waiter, etc. for services h. a person`s ability to change food into a form that the body can use i. the salted eggs various large fish, especially the sturgeon j. a man who serves food in a restaurant k. a list of things bought and their price l. the main meal of the day, eaten either at midday or in the evening m. a large fish with silvery skin and yellowish-pink flesh eaten as food n. a small pieces of meat, usually with the bone in it

II. What do we call places where people go to eat? Match the words in the left column with the definitions in the right column:

1. snack bar 2. café / cafeteria 3. pizzeria 4. refectory 5. buffet 6. night club 7. canteen 8. pub 9. restaurant

a. Originally a British public house licensed to serve beer and other alcoholic beverages. Customers get their drinks from the counter and either stand there or sit at the tables. Some light snacks like pies and sandwiches are served. b. A counter where food and drink may be bought and eaten (e.g. in a railway station or on a train). c. Small restaurant mostly concentrating on cakes, sandwiches, coffee and tea. Choice of food is often very limited. d. A place where guests normally come fairly late and stay until the small hours. Always with dancing and often also with floor shows. Food is sometimes available. e. A place where students or workers have their lunch, usually connected with a school, office or factory. f. A nice place where meals are served for payment to the public. g. A modest restaurant where customers collect their food on trays on counters and carry it to the tables. Choice of dishes is based on convenience and speed, with food like hamburgers, sausages and sandwiches. h. A restaurant specializing in pizzas, or other Italian-type food. i. A university café.

III. Match the English idioms in the left column with the Russian equivalents in the right column:

1. to bite off more than one can chew 2. to take smth. with a pinch of salt 3. to have a lot on one`s plate 4. to know which side one`s bread is buttered on 5. flowing with milk and honey 6. to sell like hot cakes 7. a storm in a tea cup 8. to sugar the pill 9. to have a finger in the pie 10. as sure as eggs are eggs

a. to have a lot of tasks b. extremely rich in producing food c. to be sold out very quickly d. to make an unpleasant thing seem less so e. not to believe entirely f. to be concerned in an affair g. to know where one is in a position of advantage h. for certain i. to attempt to do more than one can j. disturbance over a trifling matter

MODULE 7

(4 term)

SPORT IN OUR LIFE

Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself. It has been developing with the developing and growth of the mankind. All over the world people of different ages are very fond of sports and games. Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily activities. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body. Sports help people to keep in good health.

We all need to exercise. Even if you don`t plan to make a career in sport you still have to practice. Regular exercises give you more energy. That is why many people who suffer from general tiredness should make more exercise than more rest. Exercise makes you feel and look better.

In Russia, a huge amount of attention was always given to sport, especially in schools, colleges and universities. You can hardly find a school without a gym or a sports ground. Every city and town has a few stadiums and swimming pools where local competitions are usually held. It`s been a tradition in our country to divide sport into professional and amateur. There are various sporting societies and clubs in Russia. Many of them take part in international tournaments and are known all over the world. A great number of world records have been set by Russian sportsmen: gymnasts, weightlifters, swimmers, figure skaters, runners, jumpers. Our sportsmen also participate in the Olympic Games and always win a lot of gold, silver and bronze medals.

There are also a lot of amateur clubs and keep-fit centres in Russia where people go in for aerobics, yoga, body-building, swimming, skating, jogging. Thousands of people go to the stadiums to support their favourite team and many thousands more prefer to watch the games on TV. But watching sporting events and going in for sport are different things.

Sport also play an important part in the life of the British. The British are proud of fact that many sports originated in their country and then spread throughout the world. The national British sports are football, golf, cricket, table tennis, lawn tennis, snooker, steeplechase, racing, darts.

Football, the most popular game in the world, is of two kinds in Britain: association football (soccer) and rugby. Soccer, played in almost all countries, remains one of the most popular games in Great Britain. Rugby football originated at Rugby public school. In this game players may carry the ball. Rugby is played by teams of 15 men with an oval ball.

Golf, one of the most popular sports in Britain, originated in Scotland.

One of the most British games is cricket. It is often played in schools, colleges, universities and by club teams all over the country. To many Englishmen cricket is a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider something unfair, they sometimes say: “That`s not cricket”.

Horse-racing is the chief spectator sport in British life next to football. A lot of people are interested in the races. The Derby is perhaps the most famous single sporting event in the whole world. Britain is also famous for motor-car racing, dog-racing, boat-racing and even races for donkeys. The most famous boat-race between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge attracts large crowds of people.

A great number of people play and watch tennis. Tennis tournaments at Wimbledon are known all over the world. The innumerable tennis courts of Britain are occupied by people of all ages who show every degree of skill. Table tennis also originated in England.

In the USA sport is very important too. The emphasis on physical fitness has involved increasing numbers of Americans in activities that provide the necessary physical conditioning and at the same time offer enjoyment and recreation. The Americans are attracted by such sports and activities as swimming, tennis, marathons, track and field, bowling, archery, skiing, skating, squash and badminton. But the four major American sports are hokey, baseball, football and basketball.

The large choice of sports in America can be explained by the variety and size of the country, its different climates and the people`s love of competitions of any type. In addition, public sports facilities have always been available in great numbers for participants. American schools and colleges use sports activities as a way of teaching social values. Among these are teamwork and sportsmanship. The average high school offers its students a great variety of sports, including rowing, wrestling, tennis and golf. Being intelligent and being good at sport are regarded as things that combine well, as an ideal.

Recently such typically American sports as skate-boarding, wind-surfing and surfing have gained international popularity. The most unusual sport that first achieved popularity in the USA is the triathlon. It includes swimming, bicycle racing and long-distance running, and is becoming more and more popular in Europe.

As for me, I`m interested in different kinds of sports. At the university we have physical training classes twice a week. I like to ski in winter. Sometimes the whole family goes skiing at the weekend. In summer I like to swim. I also do some cycling. I am very fond of hokey, football, figure-skating, etc. I try to watch every hokey match on TV.

Questions:

1. Why is sport so important in our life?

2. Do all the people need exercise?

3. What should people who suffer from general tiredness do?

4. Where do Russian people practice sports?

5. What sports are popular in Russia?

6. What is the difference between professional and amateur sports?

7. What sports are typically British?

8. How many kinds of football do you know?

9. What does cricket mean for an Englishman?

10. What types of racing are popular in Britain?

11. What are the four major American sports?

12. What sport facilities do American schools and colleges offer?

13. What were the first sports to become popular in the USA?

14. Do you go in for sport?

15. What is your favourite kind of sport?

16. Do you go to a keep-fit centre?

17. Do you watch sport games on TV? What do you watch? How often?

18. Have you ever been to the stadium to watch the game? What was it? Did you like it?

19. Why do people like to watch sport games?

20. Who are ‘football hooligans’? What is your attitude to hooliganism?

21. Do you prefer individual or team sports?

22. Do you like PT classes? What do you usually do at these classes?

23. When should children start doing sports? What sports are better for children, teenagers and young people?

Vocabulary (transcribe the words, learn them by heart):

able – умелый

activity – деятельность

archery – стрельба из лука

association football, soccer – футбол (европейский)

average – обычный, средний

boat-race – гребные гонки

bowling – игра в шары, боулинг

darts – дартс (метание дротиков)

fit – в хорошей форме

health – здоровье

humanity, mankind – человечество

innumerable – бесчисленный

jogging – бег трусцой

keep-fit centre – оздоровительный центр

lawn tennis – большой теннис

live broadcasting – прямая трансляция

long-distance running – бег на длинные дистанции

public sports facilities – спорткомплекс

racing – гонки, бега

rugby football – регби

skill – умение

snooker – снукер, бильярд

steeplechase – скачки с препятствиями

table tennis – настольный теннис

tiredness – усталость

to exercise – упражняться

to make for – способствовать

to relax – расслабиться

to support – поддерживать, болеть

tournament – турнир

track and field – легкая атлетика

weightlifting – тяжелая атлетика

wrestling – борьба

Exercises

I. Compose your own sentences with the following words:

able, activity, average, fit, humanity (mankind), innumerable, keep-fit centre, live broadcasting, public sports facilities, skill, tiredness, to exercise, to make for, to relax, to support, tournament.

II. Speaking

Comment on the following statements:

1. A sound mind in a sound body.

2. Sports help people prepare themselves for life.

3. We are all interested in the lives of great sportsmen.

4. ‘Fair play’ is more important than winning.

5. Team games develop team spirit and working together.

6. Individual sports develop more that team games.

7. Professionals want to make a lot of money.

III. Speaking

Compose the dialogues on the following situations:

1. You and your friend are discussing a football match before watching it on television.

2. You are very good at swimming and tomorrow you have a very important competition, but you are ill your parents don`t want you to take part in this competition.

3. You are a great tennis player, but yesterday you had your worst game. Now your coach is speaking to you about it.

4. You have never tried skiing. But your friend is very good at it and wants to teach you.

IV.Writing

Today young people prefer to watch sport competition or to play computer games rather than to practice sport outdoors.

What is your opinion? Do you practice any sport?

Write 200 – 250 words.

Use the following plan:

· make an introduction (state the problem)

· express your personal opinion and give reasons for it

· give arguments for the other point of view and explain why you don`t agree with it

· draw a conclusion

HOLIDAYS IN RUSSIA

There are many national holidays in Russia, when people all over the country do not work and have special celebrations.

The major holidays are: New Year`s Day, Women`s Day, May Day, Victory Day, and Independence Day.

The first holiday of the year is New Year`s Day. People see the new year in at midnight on the 31st of December. They greet the new year with champagne and listen to the Kremlin chimes beating 12 o`clock.

There are lots of New Year traditions in Russia. In every home there is a New Year tree glittering with coloured lights and decorations. Children always wait for Father Frost to come and give them a present. Many people consider New Year's Day to be a family holiday. But the young prefer to have New Year parties of their own.

A renewed holiday in our country is Christmas. It is celebrated on the 7th of January. It`s a religious holiday and a lot of people go to church services on that day.

On the 8th of March we celebrate Women`s Day when men are supposed to do everything about the house and cook all the meals.

The greatest national holiday in our country is Victory Day. On the 9th of May, 1945, the Soviet Army and its allies completely defeated the German fascists and the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War ended. This year we celebrated the 70th anniversary of this great event. A magnificent memorial on Poklonnaya Gora has been built to commemorate the Victory. Many veterans took part in the military parade and laid wreaths on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. All stood in silence for a minute. Radio and television broadcast popular war songs all day long. A lot of guests from different countries of the world came to Moscow to participate in the celebrations.

Independence Day is a new holiday in our country. On the 12th of June, 1992, the first President of Russia was elected.

We also celebrate Day of the Defender of Motherland on the 23d of February, Easter, Day of Knowledge and lots of professional holidays which are not public holidays and banks, offices and schools do not close.

Questions:

1.What public holidays are celebrated in Russia?

2.What is your favourite holiday?

3.How is New Year`s Day celebrated in your family?

4.Do you see new year in at home?

5.What New Year traditions do you know?

6.When is Christmas celebrated?

7.What holiday do we celebrate on the 8th of March?

8.What is the greatest national holiday in our country?

9.Why is the 9th of May so sacred for the Russian people?

10.What other Russian holidays do you know?

Vocabulary (transcribe the words, learn them by heart):

a New Year tree – новогодняя елка

ally – союзник

anniversary – годовщина

celebration – празднование

champagne – шампанское

chimes – куранты

Christmas – Рождество

Day of Knowledge – День знаний

Easter – Пасха

fascist – фашист

Father Frost – Дед Мороз

Independence Day – День независимости

magnificent – великолепный, величественный

major – главный

memorial – памятник, мемориал

men are supposed to... – предполагается (подразумевается), что мужчины...

military – военный

public – общенародный, общественный

religious – религиозный

renewed – возобновленный, восстановленный

service – служба

the young — молодежь, молодые люди

to beat (beat, beaten) – бить, отбивать

to broadcast (broadcast, broadcast) – передавать (по радио, телевидению), вещать, вести передачу

to commemorate the Victory – в ознаменование победы

to consider – считать

to defeat – наносить поражение, разбивать

to elect – избирать

to glitter – блестеть, сверкать

to greet – встречать (возгласами, аплодисментами)

to lay a wreath – возложить венок

to participate – принимать участие

to see the new year in — встречать новый год

Exercises

I. Compose your own sentences with the following words:

ally, anniversary, celebration, magnificent, major, memorial, military, public, religious, renewed, service, the young, to broadcast, to commemorate, to consider, to defeat, to elect, to glitter, to greet, to lay a wreath, to participate, to see the new year in.

II. Speaking

Today young people prefer to celebrate New Year somewhere in a club or a restaurant than to stay at home with their families.

What is your opinion? How do you celebrate New Year?

III. Writing

You have received a postcard from your English-speaking pen friend Jack who sent you greetings with Easter. He writes:

... I congratulate you with Easter. I have a favour to ask of you. The matter is that one of my teachers asked me to make a report on Ester traditions in different countries. But I`m also interested in a celebration preceding the Great Lent. You call it Maslenitsa. How are days of Pancake week called?

Write a letter to Jack. In your letter answer his question. Remember the rules of letter writing.

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