The counter-argument: key words

1. Exams are a well-tried system; many advantages.

2. They offer the best quickway of assessing a candidate.

3. Their reliability has been proven again and again.

4. They are marked anonymously: therefore reliable.

5. Not possible to do well relying merely on memory and exam techniques.

6. They are often not the only way of assessing a candidate: used in connection with teachers’ assessment.

7. Exams are constantly being improved.

8. There are complex checking systems used by examiners to ensure fair results.

9. There is a lot of research into objective testing techniques to eliminate human error.

10.Computers are already widely used to mark specially devised tests.

11 Pernicious aspects of system (cramming, etc.) arc not the fault of examinations, but of the teacher.

12.Teachers cram weak pupils to push them through; able pupils don’t need cramming.

13.Teachers want examinations: they provide a clear objective.

14.The exam system may not be perfect, but it’s the best we have; it may be painful, but so are many things in life.

 

Reading 6

Colleges Begin to Ask, “Where Have the Men Gone? ”

Slowly but surely, college campuses that for decades were dominated by males are becoming the place where the boys are not. In a trend that is reshaping everything from recruiting to social life, women increasingly outnumber men at colleges and universities. Even if the imbalance never becomes extreme, it raises concerns about the consequences of fewer men getting advanced education, and the sense that the liberal arts education may become a women’s domain.

“I don't know why there are more women here, but I know that in high school I always felt women did better and cared more about doing well, ” said Catherine Gang, a sophomore at New York University, where there are nearly six women for every four men, a ratio shared by others. Nationally, the population of students enrolled in higher education tipped toward women more than a decade ago, and the skew is growing year by year. The number of men enrolled in college has declined each year from 1991 to 1995 but rose in 1996, while the number of women has risen steadily. And by 2007, U.S. Department of Education projects, that gender gap will be larger, with 9.2 million women and only 6.9 million men.

Women outnumber men in every category of higher education: public, private, religiously affiliated, four-year, two-year. And among part-time students, older students and African-Americans, the skew is much larger.

“Men are just not as interested in higher education as women. They have these non-academic interests: the butcher, the baker, the candlestick maker. But at a residential liberal arts college, where kids learn as much from each other as from their professors, I think we should be concerned about the mix of students, about gender balance, about attracting more young men who are as strong as our women applicants, ” they say at a university enrollment service.

There is no clear consensus on what men are doing instead of college, and why they are less committed to higher education. But education experts say it is probably a confluence of factors, from girls’ greater success in high school to a strong economy that may give boys a sense that they can make their way without higher education, whether in computer work or the military.

“You start with who does well in high school, and girls are ahead there, which some people say is because they tolerate boredom better, ” said a past dean of the Harvard School of Education. “Then there are racial and ethnic differences; black girls persist in school more than black boys. Those differences account for part of what’s going on, but I think the larger difference is that men feel it easier to get a job that can support them. This tilt to women has a great deal to do with what people of modest means do or don’t do educationally, and whether they see higher education as necessary to their future.”

Given the widening income gap between high school graduates and those with advanced degrees, though, many education experts worry that men’s failure to pursue higher education will seriously limit their life choices.

“We need to be concerned that high education is losing poor and minority men, that more African-American men are going to prison than to college, ” said the president of Columbia University’s Teachers College. For college admissions officials, the under-representation of men poses a challenge. Most say they are aware of the gender imbalance, but not overly concerned - yet.

But there seems to be a consensus that somewhere beyond a 60-40 split, there comes a moment when a school ceases be a comfortable place for both sexes. “We do have some concern about the skew going too far, ” said one director of admissions. “How far is too far? I guess that would be if students here thought it was a problem. We certainly don’t want the reputation that university is not a place for men, because that’s not true.”

The threshold at which colleges start to worry has shifted in the last few years, said a former liberal arts college president.

“It used to be that you worried at 55 percent women, but the new wisdom is that anything up to 60 percent is OK. Probably nobody will admit it, but I know that lots of places try to get some gender balance by having easier admissions standards for boys than for girls. Recently, at a school where I was giving a speech, I asked, “How far down the list are you going for boys? ” and the answer was “All the way.” The problem is that if you take men who are not of the same caliber as the women, the highest-performing women leave, because “the men aren’t as interesting.”

Admissions policies are not the only ways to address the issue, though. Many schools are repackaging themselves to attract more male interest.

“We’ve had researchers, in-house and independent, help us shape the messages we use in our letters to the individual candidates we contact through the College Board, ” said John Buckley, the dean of admissions at Fordham University. “For women, the messages we’re stressing are small classes, personal attention and access to professors. For men, we’re talking about internships and intercollegiate sports.”

Baylor University in Waco, Texas, which is religiously affiliated, has also taken steps to entice male applicants.

“We’re a liberal arts school with a large education school and we know we’re heavy toward women, so we’ve fought it a little, by adding some majors that we thought would appeal to guys, and an engineering school, ” said Stan Madden, vice president of university relations. “We’re having our recruiting literature redesigned and we’ve been thinking about what’s a feminine look, and what’s a masculine look. We had a picture of a library with a lot of stained glass, and people said that was kind of a feminine cover. Now we’re using a picture of the quadrangle.”

While the colleges that were formerly for men only have had no trouble finding large numbers of female students, many former women’s colleges are still struggling to attract enough qualified men to reach the 40-60 threshold. You need to have 60% as critical mass.

And some admit a higher percentage of male applicants than female ones. “We have no preset criteria for men or women, and we review them one at a time, but we do take slightly more men, ” said one director of admissions. “Because we want to try and have some gender balance, I think there is a bit of a mindset that may be a bit more generous to the men.”

At most engineering and technical schools, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Carnegie Mellon, men are still the majority. Harvard, Yale and Princeton still have a male edge, as do the University of Chicago and Johns Hopkins University.

But at most liberal arts schools, women are the majority.

“There may be a bias against the liberal arts, a feeling that real men don’t speak French, that in the 20th century these are women’s topics and men do economics and engineering, ” said a feminist scholar who is dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Science at NYU.

At NYU the dean of the College of Arts and Science, said he was untroubled by the gender ratio.

“It’s a very diverse, very inclusive environment, ” Santirocco said. “I’d only be troubled if it got to the point where it was a majoritarian environment, where the minority was afraid to raise their hands.”

While the feeling may be absent at NYU, Ms. Stimpson said, some schools develop a sense of unease as women become the majority.

“At some places, I’ve seen trustees worry about the skew, ” she said. “Male trustees get worried if the gender balance goes to 48 to 52, and the female trustees say, “Are you crazy, were you worried when it was 48 to 52 the other way? ” I think it’s about money and prestige and an old atavistic fear of tipping. Some people still believe that if you’re a women’s institution, you’re a lesser institution.”

Students express mixed feelings about the gender imbalance, with many male students saying they thrive on it. “I knew there were more girls than boys when I applied, ” said a junior, “and I thought it was a positive thing, because if there’s more girls, the dating possibilities go up. I feel more comfortable in classes where there aren’t so many guys. It’s less competitive and intimidating. Guys always want to take you on. They’re really quick to say, “He’s all wrong.” Girls might disagree but they’ll say something like; “He might be right, but I think...” In my communications class I think there’re 29 girls and 2 guys. I love it.”

The women tend to be less enthusiastic “There aren’t many guys to date, and the ones there are have their pick of so many women that they have a tendency to become players, ” said a drama student. “I’ve fallen in love with more gay guys than anyone should. And in scene classes, we have to do a whole lot of two-women scenes. But it’s not so bad, because we’re in New York City, and you can always find a way to meet people off campus.”

 

4 Do the following exercises

 

1.Match the columns and reproduce the context:

1.religiously	a) service
2.a residential	b) researchers
3.to tolerate	c) literature
4.enrolment	d) edge
5.advanced	e)criteria
6.overly	f) the liberal arts
7.in-house	g)environment
8. recruiting	h) affiliated
9. preset	i) fear
10.stained	j) degrees
11.a male	k) possibilities
12.a bias against	l) imbalance
13.majoritarian	m) college
14.old atavistic	n) glass
15.gender	o) boredom
16.dating	p) concerned

2. Paraphrase the following vocabulary items:

1) to raise concerns; 2) the population tipped towards women; 3) the thatcher, the baker, the candlestick maker; 4) less committed to higher education; 5) confluence of factors; 6) modest means; 7) intercollegiate sports; 8) to entice male applicants; 9) to be heavy toward women; 10) a critical mass; 11) a mindset… more generous to the men; 12) to develop a sense of unease; 13) to thrive on gender imbalance; 14) to take somebody on; 15) to have one’s pick of women; 16) off campus.

3. Give synonyms and antonyms (if possible) to the following words:

1) the liberal arts; 2) domain; 3) to recruit; 4) to outnumber; 5) a skew; 6) to persist in school; 7) to posea challenge; 8) the highest-performing women; 9) mindset; 10) an edge.

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