The transport network. Boats and planes.

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1) The cheapest way to transport goods from country to country is by sea or inland waterways; ships can carry enormous cargoes (the biggest tankers take a million tons of oil, for example). But ships are slow and the total journey by sea is even longer when you remember that goods must also travel to and from the ports by road and rail. But containers make the journey quicker and easier; for European transport, many exporters send their lorries by ferry.

2) Air freight is expensive – but it is also the fastest form of international transport. Once planes were used only for light, very valuable goods, but today more and more exporters use planes for all kinds of cargoes. The reason is that although the air journey itself is expensive, the total cost (including time – and time is money! – insurance, packing and so on) can be less by plane than by sea. Freight planes are getting bigger because of this. But some cargoes like coal, wood, oil and steel will continue to travel by sea.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из первого абзаца прилагательные, укажите три степени сравнения и переведите их.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

Why does the cost of air freight increase?

Контрольное задание № 2

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1) Видовременные формы глагола:

а) активный залог – формы Simple (Present, Past, Future), формы Continuous (Present, Past, Future), формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future);

б) пассивный залог – формы Simple (Present, Past, Future), Perfect (Present, Past, Future).

2) Особенности перевода пассивного залога.

3) Простые неличные формы глагола: Participle I (Present Participle), Participle II (Past Participle) в функции определения, обстоятельства, части глагольного времени.

4) Gerund – герундий, простые формы и функции в предложении.

5) Инфинитив, его формы: Simple Infinitive Active, Simple Infinitive Passive, Perfect Infinitive Active, Perfect Infinitive Passive. Инфинитив в роли:

а) подлежащего; б) части сказуемого; в) определения; г) обстоятельства цели. Перевод инфинитива.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений:

Образец выполнения упражнения № 1 (табл. 7)

1) Recently these engineers Недавно эти инженеры

have developed a new разработали новую

production line. производственную линию.

have developed – Present Perfect active от глагола “to develop”.

2) Yesterday he was reading Вчера он читал целый день.

all day long.

was reading – Past Continuous от глагола “to read”.

3) I was told about it only Мне сказали об этом только

yesterday. вчера.

was told – Past Simple passive от глагола “to tell”.

4) This new discovery Об этом новом открытии

is much spoken about. много говорят.

is spoken about – Present Simple passive от глагола “to speak about”.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 2 (табл. 11)

1) The student reading Студент, читающий газету,

a newspaper is my friend. мой друг.

reading – Participle I от глагола “to read” в функции определения.

2) (While) reading this article Читая эту статью, мы узнали

we learned many new facts. много новых фактов.

(while) reading – Participle I от глагола “to read” в функции обстоятельства.

3) The letter was written Письмо было написано

by my brother. моим братом.

written – Participle II от глагола “to write”. Входит в состав сложной глагольной формы для образования пассивного залога в Past Simple от глагола “to write”.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 3 (табл.13)

1) Reading books is useful. Читать (чтение) книг полезно.

reading – gerund от глагола “to read” в функции подлежащего.

2) We enrich our knowledge Мы обогащаем свои знания,

with reading books. читая книги (с помощью

чтения книг).

reading – gerund от глагола “to read” в функции обстоятельства.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 4 (табл. 14)

1) To read books in bad Читать книги (чтение книг)

light is harmful. при плохом освещении вредно.

to read – Simple Infinitive Active, подлежащее.

2) He was to come at 5. Он должен был прийти в 5 часов.

to come – Simple Infinitive Active в роли части сложного сказуемого после модального глагола.

3) He was the first to solve Он первым решил эту проблему.

this problem.

to solve – Simple Infinitive Active в роли определения после выражения “the first”.

Вариант I

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения, определите в них залог и временные формы глаголов. Укажите их инфинитивы. Предложения переведите.

1) This is year the manufacturer started the production of a new article.

2) The letter of reply has been written immediately.

3) The manager was studying the new offers when his secretary came in.

4) First economic successes were followed by a recession.

5) This economist opinion cannot be much relied upon.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них причастия и определите их функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) Economic policy is designed to solve problems and control the situation.

2) Consumption, being a form of spending, induces (порождать) production and employment.

3) People buying products in this supermarket are quite satisfied.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них герундий и определите его функцию. Предложения переведите.

1) Limited liability eases the corporation’s task in acquiring money capital.

2) By controlling supply the producer can command the market.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения и переведите их. Подчеркните инфинитив и укажите его функцию в каждом предложении.

1) The aim of every economy is to maintain efficiency in the use of scarce resources.

2) To measure total output accurately is necessary for every businessman.

3) To measure total output accurately all goods and services produced in a year must be counted regularly.

4) The problem to consider is concerned with classification of resource categories.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Banking in the future

1) Banking by the year 2015 will be very different from the way it is today. Some people have said that by then we will live in the ‘cashless society’ – that we won’t use coins or notes and that we won’t even write cheques. Some banks already have a system which may show how we will all do our shopping in the future. The bank has a computer link with one of the city’s large shops and a customer at the shop can pay with a small computer card; money is transferred automatically from the customer’s to the shop’s account. The whole thing takes only a few seconds and no money at all changes hands.

2) Many banks now offer their customers a computer service which allows them to get a statement, pay bills and transfer money from their own home. As people use computers more and more at home, it is certain that they will go to the bank much less often. But there may be problems too. With so much information on computers, there is the danger that our private financial details will fall into the wrong hands.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол в пассивной форме. Определите его время.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

What computer service do many banks offer their customers?

Вариант II

1) The customer has already required all the necessary information.

2) Freight planes are getting bigger because air journey is less expensive than by sea.

3) The profits of the company were referred to by a commercial journal.

4) We are required to examine in details this phenomenon.

5) Economic life is greatly affected by the government.

1) The control established by the retailers was useful.

2) When examining these data we observe that consumption varies greatly.

3) These sellers are modifying the style of the layout in their shops.

1) Government plays an active role in promoting economic stability and growth.

2) The safety and convenience of using checks made checking accounts the most important type of money in U.S.

1) The object of your enquiry is to obtain a special price for regular orders.

2) To satisfy import regulations is the aim of every buyer.

3) To satisfy import regulations the buyer required some special documents.

4) In the command economy the plan specifies the amounts of resources to be allocated to each enterprise.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Complaints

1) If the seller causes a breach of contract, the buyer can make a complaint. If the seller is late in delivering the foods, the buyer can send one or more reminders and tell the seller that he will withdraw from the contract if the goods are not delivered by a certain date, the final deadline. It can be that the buyer reserved the right to cancel the order if the delivery was late. In this case, he can cancel his order without sending any reminders. If the complaint is justified, the seller has to make an adjustment, i.e. he has to offer the buyer some form of compensation.

2) It can happen that the buyer suffers a loss if the goods are delivered late – he may lose business, for example. In this case, he can claim damages from the seller; that means he can start legal proceedings for compensation. However, if the delay is caused by factors beyond the seller’s control, for example, floods, earthquakes, war etc., the seller is not liable for any of the buyer’s losses.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол в пассивной форме. Определите его время.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

In what case can the buyer start legal proceedings for compensation?

Вариант III

1) Recently he has seen an advertisement in the new trade journal about a new type of computer.

2) This firm was exporting office equipment in the north of England.

3) Delivery will be effected as soon as possible.

4) This manufacturer can be dealt with.

5) The terms of payment are affected by the economical position of the firm.

1) The goods delivered yesterday are perfect.

2) Price and quantity of the goods supplied are directly related.

3) When operating at full employment the economy shows its best efficiency.

1) The price system is incapable of registering all social or collective wants.

2) On reflecting (размышлять) we realize that we indeed buy many goods for the services which they render.

1) They have to pay interest on this loan.

2) To be in complete control of his enterprise is the aim of every proprietor.

3) To be in complete control of his enterprise the proprietor must be a good manager.

4) The policy to be followed is based upon some changes in the supply.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Leasing

1) Leasing is different to the other terms of payment. It is generally used for larger objects such as buildings, land and machinery. A lease is an agreement between the owner of the object and the person who wants to use it, which gives the leaseholder permission to use the object for a fixed period, usually several years. In return, the leaseholder pays rent to the owner, and is responsible for the object leased (he has to arrange insurance and carry out repairs, for example).

2) Leasing is a good way to earn a regular income from one’s property over a long period. The main risk here is that the leaseholder may not be able to keep up his payments. When the lease expires, the leaseholder may be able to extend it or even to buy the object at a reduced price. In case of items such as technical equipment, he may be able to return the object and take out a lease on a newer model.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца Past Participle в функции определения.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

What may the leaseholder do when the lease expires?

Вариант IV

1) We believe the product will find a ready market in our country.

2) Today the sales manager has written to the manufacturer for more information.

3) We are offered a new line of products.

4) The trial order was followed by a suggestion of a long-term contract because the buyer was satisfied with the product.

5) The outputs of farmers are very much influenced by variations in the weather.

1) The sellers modifying the correspondence make it closer to the spoken language.

2) Assuming that demand is constant, let us analyze the effect of a change in supply on price.

1) Transferring money abroad is a simple operation realized by a bank.

2) The price system operates as a mechanism for communicating and coordinating individual free choice.

1) The owners of the corner shops had to sell their stores to big companies.

2) To act otherwise would be to risk bankruptcy.

3) To satisfy material wants economists study the efficient use of resources in the production of goods and services.

4) The question to be faced is this: which price will prevail at the market?

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Offers

1) When a seller makes an offer or quotation, he promises to supply his goods on the terms stated in his offer. This means that if a buyer places an order on the basis of the seller’s offer, the seller must supply the goods as promised. Offers can be made orally or in writing, although oral offers are usually confirmed in writing to prevent disagreements. Offers are made in answer to an enquiry or are sent on the seller’s own initiative in the hope of interesting potential customers.

2) There are two main types of offers – firm offer and offer without engagement. In the firm offer the seller must provide the goods at the prices and terms given in his offer and may not change or withdraw his offer after it has been made. In the offer without engagement certain factors may show that the seller does not want to bind himself to the terms of the offer which means he may not be able to deliver on time. In such cases, he can include certain phrases to make it clear that he may withdraw his offer at any time.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из первого абзаца Past Participle в функциях определения и части сказуемого.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

What is the difference between the firm offer and the offer without engagement?

Вариант V

1) The firm is beginning a correspondence with a new supplier.

2) He had closed the business letter with the necessary phrase.

3) Difficulties are often met with when you solve economic problems.

4) The price system is influenced by the government in many ways.

5) The terms of payment were referred to in this business letter.

1) Goods are ordered in large quantity.

2) These corporations constituting only 14 % of the business population produce 2/3 of total business output.

3) Beginning in the mid 1970’s the inflation had grown.

1) Knowing what to buy is only one third of the buying operation.

2) A knowledge of economics may be helpful in running business or in managing one’s personal finances.

1) Large firms have to use special export order form when placing an order.

2) To execute the order promptly is the aim of any supplier.

3) To display their goods the sellers use their shop windows.

4) The price of the product to be offered will fall immediately under such circumstances.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

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