The transport network. Roads and trains.

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1) The roads carry the largest volume of inland transport. The main reason for this is that road transport is a door-to-door service and goods can travel direct from factory to factory or from producer to consumer, often on a company’s own lorries. The company’s transport manager knows exactly when the goods he sends will arrive and that somebody will load them safely because this happens at his own factory.

2) Even if goods travel for other parts of their journey by rail, sea or air, lorries will still be necessary to and from the railway depots, the docks and airports, and to bring the goods in the end to the shops in the centers of towns. Road transport must therefore be part of any transport system. The disadvantage of road transport is that even the largest lorry can carry only about 10 tons while a train can take cargoes of over 1, 000 tons. For large cargoes, on journeys of 300 kilometers or more, trains are more economical than lorries.

Упражнение № 6. Выпишите из второго абзаца инфинитив, определите функцию и переведите его.

Упражнение № 7. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

Why are lorries necessary in the road transport?

Контрольное задание № 3

Для того чтобы правильно выполнить контрольное задание № 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1) Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.

2) Причастные обороты. Независимый причастный оборот.

3) Грамматические функции и перевод глаголов “to have” и “to be”.

4) Грамматические функции и перевод глаголов “should” и “would”.

5) Различные значения союзов, предлогов, наречий as, because, because of, since, both, both… and, either… or, for.

Используйте следующие образцы выполнения упражнений:

Образец выполнения упражнения № 1 (табл.15)

1) Here is the book you Вот книга, которую вы

gave me on Monday. дали мне в понедельник.

2) I know he has brought Я знаю, что он принес вам

a dictionary for you. словарь.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 2 (табл. 12)

1) The day being warm, Так как день был теплый,

we opened the window. мы открыли окно.

2) Weather permitting, Если погода позволит,

we will go for a walk. мы пойдем на прогулку.

3) Petrov helps me with my Петров помогает мне

English, I helping him with по английскому, а я помогаю

mathematics. ему по математике.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 3 (табл. 5, 6)

1) Yesterday they were Вчера они были дома.

at home.

were – глагол “to be” в Past simple в функции смыслового глагола.

2) He has to take a taxi to get Он должен взять такси, чтобы

to the university in time. приехать в университет вовремя.

has – глагол “to have” в Present Simple в функции модального глагола (have to).

3) This article was written Это статья была написана

last week. на прошлой неделе.

was – глагол “to be” в Past Simple в функции вспомогательного глагола для образования пассивного залога от глагола “to write”.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 4 (табл. 9, 10)

1) The device should be Прибор следует проверить.

checked.

should – модальный глагол в значении долженствования.

2) If he were free, he Если бы он был свободен,

would help you. он помог бы вам.

would – вспомогательный глагол для образования сослагательного наклонения в сказуемом главного предложения при наличии придаточного условного.

Образец выполнения упражнения № 5

1) I have done the work Я сделал работу, как вы

as you required. просили.

2) As there were many new Так как в тексте было много

words in the text, I used новых слов, я использовал

a dictionary. словарь.

Because, because of

1) We use this apparatus Мы используем этот аппарат,

because it is reliable. потому что он надежный.

2) We use this apparatus Мы используем этот аппарат

because of its reliability. из-за его надежности.

both; both… and

1) They use both methods. Они используют оба метода.

2) Electronics helps us to study Электроника помогает нам

both the atomic nucleus and изучать как атомное ядро,

elementary particles. так и элементарные частицы.

(и… и)

Since

1) The man used wood for Человек использовал дерево для

construction since ancient time. строительства с древних времен.

2) Since the experiment was Так как эксперимент был закон-

finished, we left the laboratory. чен, мы ушли из лаборатории.

For

1) He has worked there Он работал там в течение

for three months. 3 месяцев.

2) He read this book Он прочитал эту книгу для вас.

for you.

3) I thank you for your Я благодарю вас за ваши слова.

words.

4) It will rain for the Будет дождь, так как барометр

barometer is falling. падает.

either; either… or

1) You may take either Вы можете взять любую из этих

of these books. книг.

2) You may take either Вы можете взять или эту книгу,

this book, or that one. или ту. (либо… либо)

Вариант I

Упражнение № 1. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода бессоюзных придаточных. Подчеркните придаточное предложение.

1) We value (ценить) economic principles for the knowledge they contain.

2) They know the commercial banks offer a large number of services to the private customer.

Упражнение № 2. Перепишите предложения. Подчеркните в них независимый причастный оборот. Предложения переведите, обращая внимание на особенности перевода указанной конструкции.

1) Production cost declining, producers will sell more products.

2) The price of any economic goods under market conditions is determined by the forces of supply, these forces acting through the sellers.

Упражнение № 3. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, подчеркните глаголы “to have” и “to be” и определите их функцию в предложении.

1) The profit and loss accounts show the total amount of money which the firm has earned during the year, the total amount of money which it has spent and therefore the total profit (or loss) it has made.

2) The company has to pay interest on any money which it has borrowed, for example, from a bank.

Упражнение № 4. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, учитывая особенности перевода глаголов “should” и “would”.

1) Unless you sent us price-list and catalogues for all products manufactured by your company, our trade connections would be impossible.

2) It is important that you should use credit card.

3) We would like to ask you to grant us open account terms.

4) When you have written a letter, you should read it through carefully.

Упражнение № 5. Перепишите предложения. Переведите их, обращая внимание на значения предлогов, союзов, наречий.

1) Because of the recession the group’s profits became small.

2) The annual report shows the accounts of the British company only because its German subsidiary publishes its own report in Germany.

3) The layout is very important both in a department store and in a supermarket.

4) The travel industry becomes more competitive as travel firms offer their customers more comfortable service.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Marine insurance

1) Marine insurance is the oldest form of insurance. Back in the Middle Ages, ships were the most important form of transport and their cargo was often very valuable. Sometimes traders would even risk their whole capital with just one shipment. So somebody came up with the idea of forming a group to spread the risk – and marine insurance appeared. Very generally marine insurance works as follows: the ship and cargo owners (the insured) each pay a percentage of the value of their goods (the premium) into a fund administered by the insurance company (the insurer). If one of the insured then suffers a loss, he can claim compensation from the insurer for the loss. This means he will receive money from the fund to the value of the loss he suffered.

2) Some of the risks against which it is possible to take out insurance include: natural disasters (fire, floods, earthquakes etc.); loss of the goods through being washed over board; damage to the goods, for example, by breaking, bending; damage to the goods by vermin such as rats and mice; loss of the ship which transports the goods, for example, by sinking or collision with another ship.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из первого абзаца бессоюзные придаточные предложения.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

What kind of damages can the goods suffer?

Вариант II

1) Manufacturers and businessmen cannot produce goods and services consumers do not desire.

2) We are sure a deposit account will save your money.

1) The prices being particularly favourable, suppliers regularly make special offers of their goods.

2) Capitalism may be characterized as an automatic self-regulating system motivated by the self-interest of individuals, this system being regulated by competition.

1) The turnover is the total amount of money which the firm got from sales to its customers.

2) The bank has to send instructions to the bank of the supplier.

3) All the transfers of this businessman are carried out by the bank.

1) If you send details of your product, your client would be grateful.

2) It is necessary that the letter should be sent as soon as possible.

3) We would like to supply your order from the stock as we did years ago.

4) You should grant special terms for these orders.

1) The correspondence between two firms has been entertained for a long time.

2) We are interested in your product for we believe it could find a ready market here.

3) Since 1990 the company has begun to expand.

4) Since negotiations have been interrupted, the managers left the city.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Distribution

1) When production of goods is completed they are brought to the consumer. This process is called distribution. Because commerce is an organized system, goods are produced in large quantities in one place by people who specialize. The consumer may be thousands of miles away, as, for example, when a person in Britain buys a Japanese television set. It is the function of transport to carry the products from the manufacturer to the consumer, and this may involve several journeys by road, rail, sea and air. You have only to look at the goods in a supermarket and at their many countries of origin to see that the world has become one large market.

2) Together with transport we must also think about communications. The telephone, the postal services and computers make commerce possible; without them traders would never be able to buy and sell goods in national and international markets. To get the goods to the consumer at the right time, in the right condition and in the right quality are the functions of warehousing and of the wholesale and retail organization of commerce.

Упражнение № 7. Выпишите из первого абзаца глагол “to have” в разных функциях. Определите их.

Упражнение № 8. Прочитайте второй абзац, ответьте на вопрос:

What are the functions of warehousing and of the wholesale and retail organization of commerce?

Вариант III

1) Businesses combine resources they have obtained to produce and supply goods and services.

2) We know the bank will give you a cheque card because you have had an account with this bank for some time.

1) Money being the most liquid of all assets, it is a very convenient form to store wealth.

2) The high price of goods is often determined by a prestige factor, the latter being very important for some customers.

1) These firms have received goods but have not paid yet.

2) This firm has to pay its loan immediately.

3) In the center of London there is an area of about one square mile which is called simply the “City”.

1) If you passed the necessary credit, we should be obliged.

2) It is important that the money should be transferred abroad.

3) We would appreciate a prompt answer.

4) A business letter should begin with sentences that will introduce the matter without delay.

1) The company always buys and sells shares: either preference shares or ordinary ones.

2) The group lost $ 1.000 000 as it closed three stores in America.

3) The group keeps a part of its profits each year for it may need it in the future. This money is called its “reserves”.

4) Because the shops are small, they are easier and cheaper to operate than big supermarkets.

Упражнение № 6. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

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