Read and translate the text. Behaviour includes those activities of an organism which can be directly observed or recorded

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes in humans and animals. The goals of psychology are to describe, predict, explain and control behaviour.

Behaviour includes those activities of an organism which can be directly observed or recorded. Mental processes are cognitive operations which can be directly known only by the experiencing person, for example thinking, perceiving, dreaming. Some mental processes operate outside of conscious awareness and are called non-conscious or unconscious. They may include problem solving or emotions.

Psychology appeared as a science in the late 19^th century. Historically it was influenced by Chinese philosophers such as Confucius and Greek philosophers such as Socrates and Aristotle.

In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt developed the first scientific psychology laboratory. Wundt used the approach that became known as structuralism. It emphasized the importance of conscious thought and classification of the mind’s structures and elements of consciousness (sensations, images, feelings).

In the United States, William James used functionalism, the approach that emphasized the study of the functions of the mind and behaviour in adapting to environment. Mental phenomena were called processes or functions (thinking, feeling, perceiving). This school gave ideas of modern applied psychology.

In 1900 Freud created psychoanalysis. This approach emphasized the importance of thoughts and motives which are unconscious but strongly influence behaviour. Freud’s theory of personality dynamics has been applied to development, abnormal behaviour, and psychotherapy.

A group of psychologists, including John Watson, used the approach that emphasized scientific study of stimuli and responses. This approach is called behaviorism. It dominated American psychology from the 1920s to the 1950s.

The experimental psychology, research technology helped to show the importance of neurobiological factors in behaviour. The use of computers as models for human intelligence helped popularize the field known as cognitive psychology.

The following 6 perspectives have dominated the development of psychology research:

1. behavioral	scientific study of observable responses
2. psychoanalytic	the unconscious aspects of the mind, early experiences, and conflict between instincts and society demands
3. humanistic	capacity for personal growth and freedom
4. neurobiological	the importance of the brain and nervous system in understanding behaviour, thought, and emotion
5. cognitive	the importance of mental processes
6. socio-cultural	the importance of culture, ethnicity and gender

 

EXERCISES

Read and transcribe the following words.

Psychology, behaviour, emphasize, perceive, conscious, environment, function, structure, approach, thought, scientist, scientific, apply, include, phenomenon, nervous, research, Freud.

Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the words.

Scientific study, cognitive operations, to observe behaviour, to emphasize importance, to use the approach, to influence behaviour, to adapt to environment, abnormal behaviour, stimuli and responses, neurobiological factors, conscious, to observe directly, mental processes.

Give the English equivalents to the words and word combinations.

Вивчати поведінку, підкреслювати важливість, пізнавальні операції, пояснювати поведінку, прикладна психологія, адаптуватися до довкілля, використовувати підхід, впливати на поведінку, свідому і несвідому, сприйняття, домінувати в психології, особисте зростання і розвиток, стимул-реакції і реакція, нервова система, включати, випробовувати.

Finish the phrase.

mental………………. Chinese ……………..

to use ….……………. cognitive……………

to emphasize………… to adapt to ………….

to observe ………….. applied………………

personal ……………… neurobiological ………

stimuli ……………….. to influence…………..

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