Workshop V. VOCABULARY PRACTICE.   Язык и мышление

Exercise 58

Complete the texts, bearing in mind all the studied words. The first letters of the necessary words are given to help you.

1 . As negotiations to end the standoff p _____, the White

House r _____offers of help from the Rev. Jesse Jackson,

though there were i _____ conversations with f        

President George Bush and his national security adviser, offi­cials say.

Another central player was General Powell, whose S  _____ Department took c _____of negotiations, and who was the first to publicly use the c _____and p _____ phrases "sorry" and "sorrow" and find the d _____. Reviewing the last-minute flurry of diplomacy that led to the agreement today, Gen. Powell, who was in Paris on his way to the Balkans, said the United States had nothing to a _____ for.

"With r _____to "regret", "sorry", "very sorry" — they were related to very s _____ things", he said. "To the loss of the young Chinese pilot's life. The death of anyone d _____ us all in some way, and so we were e _____ the fact we were "sorry", "very sorry", "regret" the loss of his life".

The second thing that these words related to, he said, c_____ the question of the American plane i _____ Chi­nese airspace.

"We entered their airspace without v _____ c  _____, he said. "But the young pilot was f _____ with a crisis, his plane had s _____ out of c _____. He had to get on the ground. The n _____and formalities were u _____ to him at that moment".

Gen. Powell said the pilot did a t _____ job of getting the plane on the ground. "He landed without c _____", he continued, "and we're very sorry — but we're glad he did".

2. Diplomacy is an art form, the art of p    and t _____, a s _____ construct of gestures and words, body language and r _____carefully arranged and skil­fully m _____ for a single purpose: to p _____ an­other country to behave the way you want. Tone is the hardest thing to get right. How do you c _____ your views so they're c _____ and p _____, firm and forceful without put­ting the other side's back up?

George W. Bush is in the p _____ of finding out. As a youthful candidate who wanted to be taken seriously de­spite his inexperience in f _____ a _____, he struck a t _____-guy p _____, compensating for shallow knowledge by a _____ the combative tone of a cold warrior. G _____by advisers, Candidate Bush s _____ to contrast his hard-eyed "realism" with a Clinton-Gore ideal­ism. The easiest way to mark the d _____ was to take up Russia and China as nations with nukes that p _____ a t _____to American interests; Bush would treat them not as the friends or strategic partners of Clinton's dreams but as c _____.

Last week President Bush found himself a _____both those countries for real, and the words and gestures he used seemed d  to show that the candidate hadn't been kidding. Though White House s _____ A. F. used "real­ism" a dozen times last week to explain, defend and j _____ the Administration's rhetoric, Bush's focus on differences may make it harder to b _____ them.

Some hard-line b _____ are evident, and certain to have an i _____ on foreign affairs. National Missile Defense, the 21st century S _____W _____, is coming, and Bush's message to all critics is, Deal with it. Europe, Russia and China are starting to c _____ that this will be a long d _____, p _____ and military wrangle. North Ko­rea, which Clinton drew into negotiations as a "state of c _____", has been downg _____ again to "rogue state" by Bush. The Administration has taken a decidedly hands-off stance toward peace-making, i _____ in the M _____ E _____. In talks with China's Vice Premier, Bush bluntly said Washington would sell whatever arms it chose to Taiwan.

If Bush a _____ the sale, Beijing's anger could s _____ human rights p _____ and nonp _____ ef­forts. But some say the t _____ language could be neces­sary for a c _____. There's certainly room for straight talk and firmness in US diplomacy. Bush's c _____ could in­spire sounder policy. To k _____the t _____ talk con­structive, though, Bush will need perfect pitch. How will Wash­ington get c _____ to "work with us when we're poking

them in the eye"? Bush may find that t _____ talk is not all there is to smart d _____.

Exercise 59

Complete the text with one word only.

It's apparent that no member of a speech community can _____anything he wants to, in any _____ he cares to use, on any occasion, even though he may be _____ in the sound system and the _____ of the particular language he is speaking. And no visitor to a foreign speech community — _____ of the amount of instruction he has in the grammar — is ever prepared for the _____ he will find in the way the language is used by its _____ speakers. Even a child born into that foreign speech community, and who thereby uses his _____ tongue effortlessly, nevertheless still has not learned the _____ use of his language in vari­ous _____. By the age of five, the child can utter a wide _____ of grammatical sentences, but he is still _____ which of these sentences to use at a _____ time. Only as he matures within his speech community does he _____ the ability to make statements _____ for any situation and to _____ the _____ of the statements made by oth­ers.

Exercise 60

Translate the following into English using the active vocabulary.

  Язык и мышление

Взаимосвязь языка и мышления обнаружена давно. Об­щеизвестный факт — речь людей плохо образованных, не владеющих логикой мышления (cognitive operations), совсем иная в сравнении с речью людей образованных. У образо­ванного человека шире запас слов, он употребляет услож­ненные грамматические конструкции и максимально исполь­зует все средства родного языка. Он лучше мыслит, и пото­му лучше говорит, и наоборот.

ROUND - TABLE DISCUSSION

Get ready to discuss the PROBLEM OF DRUGS at a round-table conference. Resort to euphemisms and politically correct words to avoid direct accusation. Distribute the roles among the participants and do not forget about the role of the chairperson. Make use of the hints given in Unit 2 The Press.

Policeman — Drug-taking breeds all kinds of crime and should be banned.

Diplomat — Drag trafficking has become a global problem. Illegal drug laws should be made much stronger the world over. World governments should conduct joint campaigns against drugs.

Clergyman — The war on drugs can never be won on an inter­national level. It must be won locally.

Human rights activist — The level of crime will be reduced if light narcotics like marijuana, are made legal and the gov­ernments give them to addicts free of charge.

Writer — Drug addiction is no worse that alcohol addiction, and people in a democratic society should be free to decide for themselves whether or not to take drugs.

Doctor — Drugs have always been used in medicine to relieve pain, and it will be inhuman to deprive those who are termi­nally ill of narcotics.

Teacher—People who develop drug problems should have their

children taken away from them.

Mother and housewife — It is our children who are the first to

fall victims of drug pushers and die of overdose.

Pop singer — Drugs are a blessing for most pop stars as they both stimulate our creative activity, and help many hard work­ing pop stars cope with stressful situations which are plenti­ful in our profession.

Cross-country skier — Drug taking has become common prac­tice among professional sportsmen. Our health is often sacri­ficed for the sake of national prestige and financial gains.

 

► Word List III

to award

acceptability

amalgam

to bring to the fore

burgeonings of

beyond the pale

to break a taboo

 cliche

confines of origin

construct

complexity

conventional

clear and precise

to cling to

compulsive truth-telling

to credit

common sense

complacency

consensus

commercial

to delve into

to design

to eliminate

digital

to diminish

delicate balance between

deliberately

to define

 duplicity

dead giveaway

devoid of

 to draw the line at

dissident thought

in league with

innumerable dialects

to inflict

legacy

linguistic crossfire

laudable

to legislate

to leave out of account

literacy

lexical fingerprint

lexical innovation

to manifest

to manipulate

mannerism

to migrate

nuance

notorious

offshoot

to overshadow

on the grounds of

obsession

opaque communication

politically correct

persuasion

to pester

partisan diatribe

prolific

ponderous

to quibble over

quaint

to rise

recesses of the human psyche

to eliminate

to equal

to erode

to exclude

eligible

embedded

ethos

to emerge

endemic

to enforce

to elevate

far-fetched

fulsome support

to foster an attitude to

to get into the stride

to guide public opinion

gauche

to give offence

to get hold of the wrong end

of the stick     

to get the message

to gloss over

infinite shades

impact on

inept

to refer to rural

to subvert

sensitivity

to subside

subterfuge

subtlety

to spin out of control

to separate

to subject to risk

spectrum

social mores

stigma

spread of universal education

tough language

tortured syntax

trendy

to upgrade the status

to use to one's advantage

to upstage

unaided ear

urban

verbal clearance to weep for

to yield to

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