Explain, please ,the features of political culture and ideology . What differences are 3 between basic modern political ideologies?

There are in modern world huge number of political ideologies. Some of them play important role in the process of citizens’ political decisions (for example, during the elections), but many others are not so influential. However the situation is not same in different countries. There are in stable democracies very influential ideologies like liberalism, conservatism and socialism. Each of them have millions followers throughout the world. And we can see even in western democratic countries thousands supporters of nationalism or communism and other political ideologies. First of all we must know what means the term ‘ideology’, and then what differences are between modern political ideologies? That is very important for us.                                                                         The term ‘ideology’ appeared in France during the Revolution time at the end of XVIII th century. It means at that time the new science on human consciousness. The author of the new science was Antoine Destutt de Tracy. However, in several years the meaning of the term changed under the influence of Napoleon. And new meaning became that ‘ideology’ is not serious science which have fundamental bases. Soon in Europe appeared ‘scientific socialism’ of Marx and Engels, after them ‘scientific communism’ in Russia. They are consider, that just their ideology is base on science, but all other ideologies are not scientific. And now people are believe in the world, that some principles of each ideology may be truthful, but others may not. This is the situation with ideology now.

14) What do you know about political systems of Democracy and dictatorship? What can say you about main principles of democracy and on the kinds of modern dictatorship ?By the opinion of modern political scientists, political system of every country, in broad sense, belongs under democracy or dictatorship. Many modern countries have a democratic political system, but many others are dictatorships. Indeed, latest also want to be called as democracies, however in fact they are politically the modern dictatorships. According to the views of the politologists, political system of democracy have just one kind, and it is the liberal democracy (first of all, West European and North American countries). Dozen countries in other parts of the world (in Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, Africa) try to construct liberal democratic system in their countries during last decades. There are no any other kinds of democracy.                                                                                             But modern dictatorships have several different kinds, including totalitarian dictatorship (for example, twentieth century Communist dictatorship under Lenin and Stalin, Fascist dictatorship under Benito Mussolini, Nazi dictatorship under Hitler, even nowadays North Korean regime), authoritarian dictatorship (such as nowadays Cuba, China, Syria, several post-Soviet countries and others), military dictatorship or stratocracy (it was at the second half of twentieth century in many Latin American, African and Asian countries, even in Greece for short period), religious dictatorship or modern theocracy (for example, in modern Iran), and living even now absolute monarchies (such as Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Oman, Kuwait, Jordan, Brunei and others) etc. As we can see, all varieties of dictatorial systems are opposed to liberal democracy, they reject democratic principles, and because of it they are antidemocratic systems.  As political scientists and historians pointed out the first information on Modern Democracy came to Europe step by step since the beginning of XIX th century. Just couple of decades before that, at the end of XVIII th century, first roots of liberal democracy were appeared on the land of young new nation, i.e. American. However, according the views of political scientists, who were celebrated the 2500 years anniversary of Democracy at the end of XX th century, democracy is not so young, it born in Ancient Greece at the times of Pericles, i.e. in V th century BC. But we talk on Modern Democracy, which came to Western countries just two hundred years ago and even now stay as dream for more than a half of the people throughout the world. Political scientists define a democracy as a government by the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. Or by the words of Abraham Lincoln, democracy is ‘the government of the people, by the people, and for the people’. And many of them indicate several (since three-four to fourteen) basic principles of liberal democracy.                                                                                                         For example, H.B. Mayo pointed out next four main principles of democracy: 1) social control over them, who make politics; 2) political equality (first of all in the elections); 3) maintenance of effectiveness of the social control (before all the maintenance of political freedoms); 4) decision making process under the rule of majority.                                                                                                                                         M.O. Dickerson and Th. Flanagan in their common book indicate other four main democratic principles: 1) equality of political rights; 2) rule of the majority; 3) political participation; 4) political freedoms. They also named 8 features of totalitarian dictatorship: 1) attempt to remake the society; 2) one-party state; 3) all-powered leader; 4) pseudo-democratic rule; 5) control over the means of communication; 6) using of the terror; 7) submission of the law to the state; 8) planned economy.                                                                                                                                 Some authors, including K.W. Deutsch or B.K. Gokhale, in their different books indicate fourteen not same principles of democratic system

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