Перечень практических умений по изучаемой теме. Nature of the Heart Beat. Nature of the Heart Beat

1. Владеть навыками монологической и диалогической речи, использовать новую лексику, уметь вести беседу по изучаемой теме.

2. Владеть навыками изучающего чтения, извлекая необходимую информацию.

3. Уметь переводить письменно со словарем оригинальный текст по специальности.

Рекомендации по выполнению НИРС .

1. “Screening for circulation disease”

2. “Trends and patterns of mortality due to blood circulation system diseases”.

 

Приложение 1

The circulatory system (or cardiovascular system) is an organ system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells, helps fight diseases and helps stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis. The main components of the human circulatory system are the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels. The circulatory system includes: the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult contains five to six quarts of blood, which consists of plasma that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph. The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system. The lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels form the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system collectively make up the circulatory system.

Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

Diagram of the human circulatory system.

Arteries always take blood away from the heart, regardless of their oxygenation, and veins always bring blood back. In general, arteries bring oxygenated blood to the tissues; veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. In the case of the pulmonary vessels, however, the oxygenation is reversed: the pulmonary artery takes deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and oxygenated blood is pumped back through the pulmonary vein to the heart. As blood circulates through the body, oxygen and nutrients diffuse from the blood into cells surrounding the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the capillary cells.

The release of oxygen from red blood cells or erythrocytes is regulated in mammals. It increases with an increase of carbon dioxide in tissues, an increase in temperature, or a decrease in pH. Such characteristics are exhibited by tissues undergoing high metabolism, as they require increased levels of oxygen.

Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.

De-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the heart and flows into the right ventricle where it is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs. Pulmonary veins return the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart, where it enters the left atrium before flowing into the left ventricle. From the left ventricle the oxygen-rich blood is pumped out via the aorta, and on to the rest of the body.

The Coronary circulatory system provides a blood supply to the heart.

The circulatory systems of humans is closed, meaning that the blood never leaves the system of blood vessels. In contrast, oxygen and nutrients diffuse across the blood vessel layers and enters interstitial fluid, which carries oxygen and nutrients to the target cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes in the opposite direction.

 

Приложение 2

Nature of the Heart Beat

The fact that the heart, completely removed from the body, will go on to beat for a time shows that its beat is «automatic», i.e., does not require nerve impulses.

The beat is rhythmic: it is not jerky; the ventricles relax fully before the next contraction. This is explained by a special property of cardiac muscle tissue. The period of time during which the muscle is not re­sponsive to a stimulus is called the refractory period. It is characteristic of the heart muscle to have a long refractory period. When the heart muscle is stimulated, it will contract but will not respond again to that stimulus (though it may respond to a stronger one) until it has relaxed. This rest period is occupied by the heart filling with blood, in prepara­tion for the next beat. Even the heart forced to beat rapidly maintains a perfectly rhythmic beat; although the beats come closer together, there is always that little rest period in between.

The heart is a pump, but a double pump; the volume expelled by the right ventricle is the same as that expelled by the left. When exercise is suddenly undertaken, the «venous return», i.e. the blood returned to the heart through the veins, is suddenly increased. For a few beats the right ventricle does put out more blood than the left, but soon the additional blood has passed through the lungs and is entering the left ventricle. From then on, both put out the same amount.

Приложение 3

The Cardiac Output

Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the blood. Another reason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.

Cardiac output is the product of two factors: heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume expelled per beat).

1. The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impuls­es reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. Thus, inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up the heart. And inhibition of the sympa­thetic centre slows down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region.

2. The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat. The stroke volume depends upon the «venous return». The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement; after the venous return is increased — as it is in exercise — the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily; therefore the heart rate is increased.

The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the fol­lowing manner: 1) after muscles contract, they exert a «milking» effect on the blood vessels which they contain. With each contraction, blood is squeezed out¹ into the veins; it cannot be squeezed back into the arteries because the arterial pressure is high — and with each relaxation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing becomes deeper. The heart lies within the thorax; when the thorax expands, blood is «sucked² into» the heart.

The two factors, working together, lead to the increase of the blood amount returned. First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats the left, are dilated and take bigger «bites» of blood. Thus the stroke volume is increased.

 

Тема № 10

Название темы:: «Nutrition».

2. Формы работы: подготовка к практическим занятиям, подготовка материалов по НИРС.

3. Перечень вопросов для самоподготовки по теме практического занятия.

Знать лексический минимум по теме, основную медицинскую терминологию на иностранном языке; грамматический материал; уметь использовать знания лексико-грамматического материала устной и письменной речи, владеть иностранным языком в объеме, необходимом для возможности коммуникации и получения информации из зарубежных источников.

 

Задания.

1. Поисковое чтение текста “Foods”. Определение тем абзацев, выявление ключевых мыслей для составления резюме текста.

 

2. Ответы на вопросы по теме занятия.

1) Does the oxidation of foods produce heat or energy?

2) How is the food burnt up?

3) What substance is the most abundant one in the body?

4) What substances are present in the body?

5) What is the percentage of different substances in different organs?

6) What is the digestive enzyme of the stomach?

7) What do we call a well balanced diet?

8) What is the role of vitamin A in human organism?

9) What food substances do not contain nitrogen?

10) What animals are porkilothermic at birth?

 

3. Изучающее чтение и перевод текста B “Vitamins”

4. Ответы на вопросы по теме занятия.

1) What does the secret of a proper diet depend on?

2) What vitamins do you know?

3) What vitamins does carrot contain?

4) What food do vegetarians prefer?

5) What vitamins does sunlight enable the body to make?

6) What food contains vitamin A?

7) What products contain vitamin D?

8) What fruits and vegetables are rich with vitamin C?

9) What vitamins can vegetarians find in their food?

10) What food do you prefer?

5. Составление самостоятельных диалогических высказываний с использованием лексико-грамматического материала по теме «Питание»

 

6. Презентация диалогов

7. Составление ассоциограмм по теме «Nutrition»

4. Самоконтроль по тестовым заданиям данной темы.

1. The digestive enzyme of the stomach is ... .

a) billirubin

b) pepsin

c) vitamin

d) protein

2. The oxidation of foods produces ... .

a) heat

b) cold

c) minerals

d) milk

3. Milk contains much ...

a) salt

b) blood

c) protein

d) oxygen

4. Black currants provide a rich source of ... .

a) waste materials

b) inorganic salts

c) animal fats

d) ascorbic acid

5. Muscle fibers have the power to store ... .

a) glycogen

b) apples

c) diseases

d) organisms

Выберите правильный вариант:

1) Oranges are rich with....

a) Vitamin A

b) Vitamin B

c) Vitamin C

d) Vitamin D

2) Sunlight enables to make....

a) vitamin A

b) vitamin B

c) vitamin C

d) vitamin D

3) Carrots contains ... .

a) vitamin A

b) vitamin B

c) vitamin C

d) vitamin D

4) Dried apricots contain ... .

a) vitamin A

b) vitamin B

c) vitamin C

d) vitamin D

5) Peas contain ... .

a) vitamin A

b) vitamin B

c) vitamin C

d) vitamin D

6) Cheese is rich with....

a) Vitamin A

b) Vitamin B

c) Vitamin C

d) Vitamin D

7) Milk is rich with....

a) vitamin E

b) vitamin K

c) iron

d) calcium

8) Nuts contain ... .

a) vitamin E

b) vitamin K

c) calcium

d) iron

5. Самоконтроль по ситуационным заданиям.

1. You are taking pate in the conference on the problems on nutrition. Prove the advantages of the type of diet you follow (vegetarian or not).

2. You are a dietitian. There was a request from the local sport club to make up a diet for their sportsmen. There are tennis, basketball and volleyball players in their club. Validate the choice of calories and vitamins for these different sports.

3. You are a dietitian. Make up a list of food stuffs necessary to fight off beri-beri.

4. You are a dietitian. Make up a diet for a patient who lacks calcium and iron.

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