Read a the text. Answer the questions.

Biological warfare is the use of any bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war to incapacitate or kill an adversary.

The use of biological agents for military purposes is not new, but before the 20th century, biological warfare took two main forms. The first is deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious material and the second is the use of microorganisms, toxins or animals, living or dead, in a weapon system.

Biological warfare has been practised repeatedly throughout human history. During the 6th Century В. С., the Assyrians poisoned enemy wells with a fungus that would make the enemy delusional. In 184 ВС, Hannibal of Carthage had clay pots filled with poisonous snakes and instructed his soldiers to throw the pots onto the decks of enemy ships, etc.

1) What is Biological warfare?

2) Why are biological weapons militarily of little use?

 

 

Translate following words or sentences into Kazakh or Russian

1) Warfar

2) Toxin

3) Biological agents

4) Repeatedly

5) Are you crazy

Extention topic

1) What do you think about the new campus of our university?

Ticket №10

Read the text. Answer the questions.

The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Byelarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people's health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Byelorussian and other nations.

Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.

Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries — members of the UNO — have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl.

1) What is the result of the pollution the atmosphere?

2) What cities appear all over the world today?

 

Translate following words or sentences into Kazakh or Russian

1) Horrible

2) Disaster

3) Rare

4) Destruction

5) Ozone

Extention topic

1) Tell about your friend

Ticket №11

Read the text. Answer the questions.

The main problem for those who'd like to use such weapons in military purposes is that a biological warfare attack would take days to implement, and therefore, unlike a nuclear or chemical attack, would not immediately stop an advancing army.

As a strategic weapon, biological warfare is again militarily problematic, because unless it is used to poison enemy civilian towns, it is difficult to prevent the attack from spreading, either to allies or to the attacker, and a biological warfare attack invites immediate massive retaliation, usually in the same form.

That is why biological weapon is militarily of little use except in the context of bioterrorism. And that is the main concern nowadays.
The most common diseases known to be weaponized are anthrax, Ebola, bubonic plague, cholera, tularaemia, brucellosis, Q fever, glanders, melioidosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, psisticosis, yellow fever, Japanese В encephalitis, and smallpox. Naturally-occurring toxins that can be used as weapons include Ricin, SEB, Botulism toxin, and many Mycotoxins, etc.

1) Who researched and developed biological weapons during the Second World War

2) How did they use biological weapons in the ancient times?

 

Translate following words or sentences into Kazakh or Russian

1) In response to

2) Peaceful

3) Have fun

4) Disease

5) Allow me

Extention topic

1) Who` s your favorite writer and why?

 

 

Ticket №12

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