ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF A BUILDING

Warming -up

1. Discuss the following;

• Why do we have to design a house in the building?

• What considerations wilt affect the design?

• What problem is met during the whole period of construction
on the building site?

2. Match the words with their Russian equivalents:

• orientation and surveying • опора и фундамент

• soil                             .  • канализация

• transportation                   • экстерьер

• styling of a building          • проектировка здания

• footing and foundation     • перевозка

• to erect                             • раскопки

• excavation                        • связь и уровни канализации

и водоотведения

• sewerage line                    • предельная высота

• exterior                             • геодезическая съемка

• ceiling height                    • почва

• electric power line            • водосток

• location and levels of existing •воздвигать,сооружать
  sewer and water mains

• water supply line              • линия электропередачи

   3. Make up your own sentences with the following words:

an exterior (экстерьер), to erect (воздвигать), an electric power line (линия электропередачи,), an excavation (раскопки экска­ватором), a transportation (транспортировка).

 

4. Find and translate all the sentences, containing the following
words:

• sufficient depth

• exterior

• foundations

• water supply line

• transportation

• style

• soil

5. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right
word.

Orientation and surveying of the Building. Before beginning the {construction, work) of any building it is necessary to consider several {problems, ideas) closely connected with the lot where the {building, monument) is to be erected. Some of these problems are as follows:

Soil. {Soil, land) is a very important problem in the building of any house. The land may have a sufficient (depth, high) of rich top soil, but beneath may be a ledge of soil rock. In this way the excavation of the basement is very expensive, especially in climates where the footings must be carried down below the {frost, rain, sun) line.

Transportation. The problem of (transportation, soil) is the most important during the whole period of {construction, time) on the building site. One must see whether there are sufficient means of erecting ways for bringing up the {materials, people) and men for a building site. One must also see if there is a sewerage line, water supply line, (gas, water) line, electric power line. The most important thing is how all of them can be used.

Surveying. A survey is a piece of land's plan, showing its exact dimensions and (level, range) of existing sewer and water mains, electric light, gas services, etc.

Styling of a building. When all the things have been carefully considered, another (point, idea) must be kept in mind. This is the "style" which the building is to be planned in. We mention its (exterior, interior). If we have to design a house, there is a number of practical considerations which will affect the (design, picture). Here are some of them: 1. Height of the first floor above ground. 2. Ceiling heights. The height of the ceiling is a matter to be determined by (he .designer.

Footing and foundations. Now we shall consider separate parts of a building, beginning with [footing, style) and foundations. The extra of the wall at the bottom can be obtained by making the wall thicker. It depends below the ground (surface, level).

6. Reading for specific information Read the text and answer the
following questions to the text:

                

• Is soil a very important problem in the building?

• What are the functions of the foundations and walls?

• How docs soil influence on the building of any house?

• What is surveying and styling of the building?

• Why may the excavation of the basement be very expensive?

7. Read the text again and complete the spidergram:

8. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or
false. Correct the false statements :

• The transportation isn't problem during the whole period of construction on the building site.

• Before beginning the construction of any building you should to consider several problems which connected with the lot where the building is to be erected.

• The land may have a ledge of soil rock, which will make the excavation of the basement very easy.

• The land may have a sufficient depth of rich top soil.

• Exterior is the "style" which the building is to be planned in.

9. Read the text again and complete the following sentences:

• The height of the ceiling that is clear height from floor to ceiling is...

• Now we... with footing and foundations.

• ...is the most important during the whole period of construction on the building site.

• ...is a plan of a piece of land showing it's exact dimensions and levels.... electric light, ...

• When all the things ...

 

Lesson 18-19

FOUNDATION

Warming- up

1. Discuss the following:

• What is a role of building's foundations?

• What do you think about the problems involved in laying
building's foundations?

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary
if you need:

• builders

• building's foundations

• stable

• mechanics

• foundation engineer

• hollow concrete box

• ventilating plants

3. Read the text and find new words from the text.

4. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following
words:

 

• a tall modern structure

• solid shafts

• building's foundations

• heating and ventilating plants

• weight of a building

• a separate solid block

• pouring in the concrete

5. Read the text again and translate it.

We have mentioned about some problems connected with building. One of them is a foundation. Architects and engineers are aware of the problems involved in laying building's foundations. They do not always realize to what extent the earth can be pressed down by the weight of a building. Too little allowance has sometimes been made for the possibility of a heavy structure's sinking unevenly. There are a lot of examples of foundations' problems. One of them is the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Why did the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean? The answer is that its foundations were not soundly laid. Though the Leaning Tower is 14 feet out of the perpendicular, it has never toppled. But there is a way out. As the building began to lean over, the builders altered the design of the tipper stories to balance it. At the same time as one side of it sank into the ground, the earth beneath was compressed until it became dense enough to prevent further movement.

That's why a foundation engineer has a lot of work. But in a tall modern structure the load may be very heavy indeed. IN this way the foundation engineer has an extremely important job to do. To begin with, he must have thorough understanding of soil mechanics, which entails a scientific study of the ground to see what load it can be without dangerous movement. WE know that trial pits, holes can be. So the engineer must collect undisturbed samples of earth from various depths. By examining this, the engineer can forecast the probable shifts in the earth during and after building, according to the sort of the foundation he designs. Thus he comes to the most important decision of all in the building's construction. He decides whether the earth is a type that can best support each column on a separate solid block, or whether he must aim at lightness.

It is important for the foundation engineer to know about different types of the ground. If it is a firm ground at great depth, the foundation engineer may use piles. These are solid shafts made either by driving reinforced, concrete deep into the ground, or by boring holes in the earth and pouring in the concrete. Each pile supports its load in one, or two ways. It may serve as a column with its foot driven into solid earth. At the same time it may stand firm because friction along its sides "grips" the column and prevents it from sinking.

But it may be a question of building's floating. In this way the foundations take the form of a vast, hollow concrete box. This box is divided into chambers. These ones will be house heating and ventilating plants as well as provide garage and storage space for the building.

The situations may be different. There are no problems at all or few of them. It can be if the earth is stable. Buildings stand on hard rock like granite or ironstone. For them neither piles nor need flotation be used. It is the best time for those foundation engineers whose buildings stand on the foundations possessing few problems.

6. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the following questions:

• What has been done to prevent the Leaning Tower of Pisa
from toppling down?

• What is the most important for the foundation that an engineer
must know?

• What must engineer learn before deciding what type of
foundation is necessary for that soil?

• What types of foundations are mentioned in the article?

7. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph.

8. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or
false. Correct the false statements:

 

• For them neither piles nor need flotation be used.

• These are solid shafts made either only by driving reinforced.

• This box is divided into chambers.

• Architects and engineers are aware of the problems involved
in laying a building's foundations.

• If firm ground has been found only at great depth, the
foundation engineer may use piles.

• If the earth is stable, laying the foundations of small buildings
possess few problems.

• Each pile supports its load in three ways.

Lesson 20

THE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

Warming - up

1. Discuss the following:                               _/

• What types of natural forces do you know?

• How can you explain a "factor of safety"?

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary

if you need:

· gravitational force on a structure

· variable and movable

· magnitude of all the forces

· strength of the structure

· "safety factor"

3. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.

4. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right word.

There are different forces influencing on building. One of them is a gravitational force. The gravitational {force, power) on a structure can be divided into dead loads and live loads. It is important for engineers to know about dead loads and live loads. Dead loads can be calculated accurately because they rarely change with time and are usually fixed in one (place, way). Live loads are always variable and movable, so no exact {figures, plans) can be calculated for these forces. Structures must also resist other types of forces, such as (wind, water) or earthquakes, which are extremely variable. It is impossible to predict accurately the [magnitude, engineer) of all the forces that act on a structure during its life. We can only predict from past experience the probable magnitude and frequency of the loads.

All this information must be used in building. {Engineers, workers) never design a structure so that the applied loads exactly equal the {strength, length) of the structure. This {condition, idea) is too dangerous because we can never know the exact value of the applied loads or the strength of the structure. All engineers must not forget about a "factor of safety". The "safety factor" is defined as the {ratio, problem) of the probable strength of the structure and the probable loads on the structure. This (factor, place) may range from I (where there is little uncertainty) to perhaps 5 or 10 (where there is great uncertainty).

5. Read the text again and translate it.

6. Reading for general understanding .Read the text and answer
the following questions to the text:

 

• Can the loads from the internal partitions of a building be estimated accurately? Why?

• Can the loads from storage in a building be estimated accurately? Why not?

• How can an engineer predict the possible loads that will ⁴      occur on a structure?

• Why do engineers never design a structure sо that the applied
loads exactly equal the strength of the structure?

• When is there great uncertainty about the loads on a structure
and the strength of a structure?

• Does an engineer choose a high or low safety factor?

• When does failure occur?

7. Read the text again and complete the spidergram:

8. Read the text once more and match the parts of the sentences:

• The gravitational force on •are always variable and
a structure                                    movable.

• Live loads                          •other types of forces such as

                                             wind or earthquakes.

•Dead loads                          • can be divided into dead

                                               loads and live loads.

•Structure must also resist     • is defined as the ratio of the

                                              probable strength of the structure and the probable                                          .                                                           loads on the structure                      

•The safety factor                 • can be calculated accurately.

Lesson 21

FRAMES

Warming -up

1. Discuss the following;

• What is a role of frames in building?

• How many frames can a single-storey structure consist of?
Try to prove your own opinion.

2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary
if you need:

• single-storey structure

• sheet steel cladding

• steel angles

• brick walls

• beams

  3. Read the text and find new words from the text.

  4. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think
 of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles.

5. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right
word.

There are different kinds of a structure. They are big, small, simple and with different details. First of all any engineer must know about any single-storey structure. The single-storey (structure, building) consists of three frames. The {frames, doors) are placed between end walls and spaced at 3 meter centers.. These frames are made up of steel stanchions and beams. The (stanchions, walls) carry the beams. These beams support the (roof ceiling). The roof (beams, frames) cantilever a short distance beyond the stanchions. This means that they extend over the profiled sheet steel cladding. (cladding, work) can then be placed outside the line of the stanchions. The beams are bolted to steel stanchion caps. The stanchion (caps, frames) are welded to the top of each stanchion. The {load, roof) on each beam is transmitted through these plates to the stanchions. The upper face of the (steel, iron) base plates and the ends of the stanchions are machined flat. The (bottom, top) of each stanchion is welded to a base plate. Each base (plate, frame) is fixed to a concrete column base by two holding-down bolts. Steel angles are fixed across the ends of the beams and built into (the brick, leaf) walls. These (angles, caps) tie the frames together and also provide a place to fix the top of the cladding.

6. Read the text again and complete the sentences:

• ...are machined flat.

• Steel angles...

• ...consists of three frames.

• ...is transmitted through these plates...

• ...a short distance beyond the stanchions.

7. Complete the following words from the text:

S_n_le stor_y, str_ct_ e , st_n_ ion, b_am, m_ter, _en_er,

r f, d_st_nce, _la_ding, _pper, ma__ine, _on_ret.e, col_mn,

_ngle.

8. Choose the correct words in these sentences:

• A flood may/might/will probably cover large areas of ground
in Australia sometimes during the next ten years.

• Hurricane might/may/will not kill several people in Japan before
the end of the year.

• The possibility that a flood will damage crops in India
sometimes during the next year is high/low/non-existent.

• There is no/slight/strong possibility that a hurricane will
destroy several buildings in Peru sometimes during the next
ten years.

• The likelihood of an earthquake causing a breakdown in power
supplies in Florida is low/non-existent/high.

 

Lesson 22-23

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