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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING WALLS
FOR BUILDINGS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What types of walls do you know? • Is there a great difference between types of walls? Explain 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary • wall • interior • door • window • method for constructing • exterior wall 3. Make up your own sentences with the words from Ex 2. 4 . Read the text and find new words from the text. 5. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think 6. Read the text again and translate the second paragraph from A very important. part of any structure is a wall. Walls may be constructed in different forms. The walls include windows and doors, heads and sills, stanchion casings and inner lining panels. The doors and windows provide for controlled passage of environmental factors and people through the wall line. The aluminium heads, sills and windows are fixed from inside the building. After this, the 900 mm and 1.800 mm wide exterior doors are installed. These doors are aluminum framed and pre-glazed or hardwood framed and glazing is done on site. All walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire for some defined period of time, such as a one-hour wall. The function of resisting fire fulfills stanchions. The stanchions are enclosed in casings. That's why any engineer must know all methods of constructing walls for buildings. Of cause walls are made of various materials to serve several functions. The walls are divided into interior and exterior walls. The exterior walls protect the building interior from external environmental effects such as heat and cold, sunlight, ultraviolet, radiation, rain, sound, while containing desirable interior environmental conditions. The exterior walls are made up of brick cladding, wall planks. The wall planks are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding. The wall planks and floor units are fixed only while the steel frame is being erected. The concrete floor units are capable of carrying a load of up to 5 kN/sq m. Finally, the internal sills and lining panels are installed. The lining panels are capable of being removed to give access to the services. The lining panels and the internal sills are cavity for heating and electrical services. 7. Read the text again and answer the following questions to the • What are exterior walls? , • Do walls often contain doors and windows, which provide • When are wall planks and floor fixed? • How are wall planks designed? • What are two sizes of external doors? • What are the lining panels capable?
8. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph. 9. Read the text once more and match the parts of the sentences: •The external walls • are designed to be weatherproof and to support the outer cladding. •The steel frame • are made of brick cladding wall planks, windows, door, heads and sills. • The lining panels • are closed in casings. • The walls planks • are capable of being removed to give access to the services. •The stanchions • is being erected.
10. Read the text again and complete the spidergram: 11. Read the text-and complete the following sentences: • Exterior walls protect the... • Walls are also designed to provide... • Walls often contain... • ...are made up of brick cladding... • ...are installed. 12. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or • Methods for constructing walls for buildings. • Walls are constructed in different forms and of various materials • Exterior walls destroy the building interior from external • Walls are also designed to provide resistance to passage of fire • Walls never contain doors and windows. Lesson 24 MASONRY Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What kinds of work are used to build houses? • Did you take pan at any kind of work? 2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
3. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following words: • to include stone work • cement mortar • concrete units • space between inner • an earthquake • a damage • a similar manner • vertical parallel walls • a vertical reinforcement • to standard reinforcing rods We have mentioned about some methods of constructing walls for buildings. All walls are made of different materials. For example, walls are made of brick. The brick walls are laid up with a space between separate vertical parallel walls and connected with occasional cross bricks or metal ties. This method provides «cavity walls.» In areas of possible earthquake damage the «cavity» in brick work and the open cells in concrete units is reinforced with standard reinforcing rods and fully grouted with a soupy mixture of concrete. Normal spacing for vertical reinforcement is #4 at 24" with #4 at 48" horizontal fully, encased in grout up to 10" high. Reinforcement requirements should be shown on the drawings for other situations. But it is a special part of building called masonry. Masonry is installed with cement mortar at bed and end joints, usually 3/8" or 1/2" thick. The masonry includes a stone or brick work and concrete units. The concrete units are laid in a similar manner, but obviously there is no open space between inner and outer shells. Each unit has an open core. The concrete units are used primarily as foundations, exterior or fire-separation walls. The brick and concrete units are manufactured in standard sizes. Though a stone may be any size, thickness, quality or color. 4. Reading for specific information. Read the text and answer the • What is masonry? • What materials does masonry include? • What spacing is normal for vertical reinforcement? • What method provides "cavity walls"? • What is in a similar manner laid? • What is manufacture in standard sizes? 5. Read the text again and complete the sentences: ..vertical reinforcement is... .. brick and concrete units are... Masonry is installed with... ...a space between... In areas of possible earthquake... ...primarily as foundations... ...standard reinforcing rods... ...reinforcement requirements... This method provides... ...exterior or fire-separation walls. 6. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false statements: • This method provides "cavity rooms". • In areas of possible earthquake damage the "cavity" in brick • Masonry is installed with cement mortar at exit and end joints. Brick and concrete units are manufactured in substandard sizes. • Masonry includes plastic work, brick, and others. • Normal spacing for vertical reinforcement is #4 at 24". • Concrete units are laid in a similar manner. • Brick walls are laid up with a space between frames.
Lesson 25-26 BRICKWORK Warming - up 1. Discuss the following:
2. Match the following words with their Russian equivalents:
3. Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right We have mentioned about (masonry, theater) including the brick or stone work. Let's tell some more words about a brick, Bricks are used for (walls, foundations) and fireplace constructions, paving. In addition to the actual (brick, ice) units belong many accessories, such as clay flue linings, fireplace dampers and ash dumps, fire brick linings, masonry reinforcement and various lintels and ties. Clay (bricks, units) are available in a variety of size and colour. Most of them are red or brown {shades/groups). If it is a glazed brick with one face it is glazed in color. Any brick is laid in various face patterns, which affects the cost of installation. {Costs, numbers) for masonry (construction, field) depend on a great deal on location of the masonry working deck as well as on the availability of labor and material. Starting at (ground, top) level a masonry wall may be laid as high as 4'-0" with reasonable accessibility. However, scaffolding at intervals of about 4'-0" is necessary above that to install work properly at higher (levels, stories). 4. Read the text. Find and translate all the sentences, containing • working deck • actual brick units • availability of labor • glazed brick • clay bricks • masonry construction 5. Reading for specific information. Read the text end answer the • What is a brick? • When was the brick invented? • What is laid in various face patterns of construction? • How do you think, who had invented a brick? • How are the bricks used? • What kind of bricks do you know? • What materials are used for manufacturing of bricks? 6. Read the text again and complete the following sentences: • ...bricks are available... • ...in various face patterns... • ...masonry construction depend... • Brick are used for walls... . • ...fireplace clampers... • ...such as clay flue linings... • Starting at ground level... • ..scaffolding at intervals ... 7. Read the text and say whether the following statements are true • Starting at ground level a masonry wall may be laid as high as • Brick are used for walls, fireplace construction, paving and • Costs for masonry construction don't depend on a great deal • Clay bricks are available in a deficiency of sizes and colors. • In addition to the actual brick units belong many accessories. • Scaffolding at intervals of about 4'—0" is necessary above that • Clay bricks are mostly red to green shades. • Masonry is used for walls, fireplace construction, paving, • Exit at water level a masonry wall may be laid as high as Lesson 27-28 PANEL HEATING Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What is ventilation? • What's its role? 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary • ventilation • boiler • condensate • radiator • atmospheric • air-conditioning • fundamental • heating system 3. Make up your own sentences with the following words: to heat (нагревать), to require (требовать), emphasis (акцент), to contaminate (загрязнять), ambient air (окружающий воздух), rate (норма), to obtain (получить), evaporation (испарение), moisture (влажность), fuel (топливо), to burn (гореть), pipe ("тру-ба), steam (nap). 4. Read the text and find new words from the text. 5. Read the text. Find and translate all the sentences containing the following word combinations: • heating and ventilation • air-conditioning • a hot-water system • central heating • cooling of the steam • panel heating Besides masonry, a brick work, any engineer must know about heating and ventilation. They are two branches of engineering which are very closely connected. Both they are treated as a dual subject. Heating is to prevent too rapid loss of heat from the body. The rate of heat lost from the body is controlled. Some old concepts of heating have been gradually changed since engineers obtained more precise knowledge about how the body loses heat. Insufficient attention was paid formerly to loss by radiation, which is the transmission of energy in the form of waves from a body to surrounding bodies at a temperature. The human being also loses heal by conduction (through his clothes) and convection, the latter by air currents not only past his skin or outside clothing surface but also by evaporation of moisture from his skin (respiration). The determination of the capacity or size of the various components of the heating system is based on the fundamental concept that heat supplied to a space equals heat lost from the space. The most widely used system of heating is the central heating. There are two most common systems of heating: hot water and steam. There the fuel is burned in one place, from which steam, hot water or warm air is distributed to adjacent and remote spaces to be heated. Both systems are widely used nowadays. A hot-water system consists of the boilers and a system of pipes connected to radiators suitably located in the rooms. The steel or copper pipes give hot water to radiators or convectors which give up their heat to the rooms. Then cooled water is returned to the boiler for reheating. As for steam systems, steam is usually generated. The steam is led to the radiators through or by means of steel or copper pipes. The steam gives up its heat to the radiators and the radiators to the room. After this cooling of the steam condenses to water. The condensate is returned to the boiler by gravity or by a pump. The air valve on each radiator is necessary for air to escape. Otherwise it would prevent steam from entering the radiator. Recent efforts have resulted to completely conceal heating equipment in an arrangement. Hot water, steam, air, or electricity are circulated through distribution units embedded in the building construction. Panel heating is a method of introducing heat to rooms in which emitting surfaces are usually completely concealed in the floor, walls or ceiling. The heat is disseminated from such panels partly by radiation and partly by convection. Ceiling panels release the largest proportion of heat by radiation and floor panels release the smallest one. The proportion of heat disseminated by radiation and convection is also dependent to some extent upon panel-surface temperatures. Other factors must be considered by an engineer. They are a type of occupancy, furniture or equipment location, large glass areas, heat-storing capacity of building construction, room height, and possible change of wall partitions, climate, exposure, cost. Sometimes fuel is used for heating. They include coal, oil, manufactured and natural gas, wood. Nowadays gas fuel is being used on an increasing level. But, to do comfortable atmosphere is to use heating and ventilation together. Heating and ventilation are concerned with providing a required atmospheric environment within a space to produce a desired temperature for maintaining comfort, health or efficiency of the beings. Nowadays air-conditioning is closely related to both heating and ventilation.
6.Read the text again and speak about common system of heating. 7. Reading for general understanding. Read the text and answer
• What is a system of heating-hot? • How docs it work? • How many boilers do in panel heating enter? • Why is it necessary to design the pipes? • Which system of heating is the most widely used? • What systems of heating do you know? • What returns to the boiler either by gravity or by a pump? • Which method of introducing heat to rooms do you know? • Which other sources for heating buildings do you know? • What is a panel heating?
8. Read the text again and find the main idea of each paragraph. 9. Read the text once more and complete the following sentences:
• ...factors must be considered... • ...system of heating is the central heating... • Insufficient attention was paid formerly... • ..for heating buildings they include... • Ceiling panels release the largest... • A hot-water system consists... • ...cooled water... • There are two most... • Besides masonry... 10. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or • By heating the external air of walls, ceiling or floor the rate of heat loss from the body is controlled. • Panel heating is a room of introducing heat to rooms in which the emitting surfaces are usually completely concealed in the floor, walls, or ceiling. • The proportion of heat disseminated by radiation and convection is also dependent to some extent upon panel- surface temperatures. • There are ten most common systems of heating-hot water and steam. • Heating and ventilation are two songs of engineering. • The human being also gets heat by conduction (through his clothes). • A cold-water system consists of the boilers and a system of pipes connected to radiators suitably located in rooms to be heated, • The pipes, usually of steel or copper, feed hot water to radiators or convectors which give up their heat to the room. • The steam gives down its heat to the radiators and the radiator to the room and the cooling of the steam condenses it to water. • The air valve on each radiator is necessary for air to escape.
Lesson 29-30 HEAT TREAMENTS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What do you know about heating system? • And what about heating equipment? 2. Try to guess the meaning of the following words. Use the dictionary if you need: • recrystallisation • length of time • highly stressed • final tempering temperature' • crystals cooling 3. Make up your own sentences with the words from Ex 2. 4. Read the text and find new words from the text. 5.Reading for specific information. Read the text, choose a right 6. Read the text again and translate about three broad groups of treatment. 7. Reading for general understanding. Read the text and answer for the following questions to the text: • What are reasons to promote recrystallisation? • What are three broad groups of the treatment? • What is a process of annealing? • What is a process of quenching? • What is a process of tempering? • What do you know about a final tempering temperature of • What is quench hardening done for? • What is austenitic? HEAT TREATMENTS Other treatments include (steel .iron) heating to promote recrystallisation. This is done for a number of reasons. Among these are: a) Softening for machining or further working, for lance in certain cold-formed (components, parish b) Hardening -steels for use in {/00/5, treatments) and high-wear components; ) Го remove internal stresses imposed by previous treatments. The treatment falls into three broad (groups, parts): annealing, quenching and tempering. Annealing. In annealing the (steel, water) is heated to a particular temperature. After this it is "soaked" at that (temperature, form) for a length. Then it cooled at a predetermined rate. This causes the crystals in the (metal, wall) to reform longer (in annealing usually to room temperature) and larger crystals. The type of structure that predominates in annealed steel is austenitic. Occasionally steel is described as "normalized". This means that it has been heated and then allowed to (cool, heat) in still air with no retardation or speeding of cooling Quenching. The steel is heated to a given temperature and rapidly cooled by "quenching" in oil or [water, juice). Oil tends to be used where less severe cooling or "quenching velocity" is required. Quench hardening is done to promote the formation of martensites in the (steel, butter) by forcing (recrystallisation, boiling) at a much faster rate than produced by annealing. The side-effect is {usually, never) an increase in brittleness, and this can be relieved by tempering. Tempering. The Martensite in quenched (steel, iron) is brittle and highly stressed. The steel is warmed, sometimes in oil baths (for lower-temperature tempering) or in a furnace. It is at this point that the steel surface takes on a cooler, known as temper {cooler, bath) caused by the interference effects between thin (films, faces) of oxide. Sometimes it is used as a guide to the (final, hug) tempering of the steelwork. Therefore "pale straw" refers to a tempering at 230°C and "blue" at 450-600 °C for mild steels. Other steels with higher alloying (proportions, rooms) produce a cooler lower in the series, so "pale straw" would correspond to a temperature of 300"C for stainless steel. 8. Read the text again and complete, the spidergram:
9. Read the text once more and match the parts of the sentences: 1) In annealing the steel 1) is brittle and highly stressed. 2) The steel is heated to 2) a given temperature and rapidly cooled by "quenching" in oil or water. 3)The Martensite in quenched 3) is heated to a particular 10. Read the text once more and complete the following sentences: • ...heating the steel to promote recrystallisation. • ...to reform longer (in annealing usually to room temperature) • Oil tends to be used... is required. • Quench hardening... • ...a tempering temperature of 230 °C and "blue" to 450-
Lesson 31-32 BUILDING MATERIALS Warming - up 1. Discuss the following: • What are building materials? • What building materials do you know? 2. Make up your own sentences with the following words: Building materials (строительные материалы), loads (грузы), building components (строительные компоненты), Rod materials (материалы из прутьев), sheet material (листовой материал). 3. Reading for general understanding. Skim read the text. Think of a good title for it. Compare it with other students' titles. We have mentioned about building materials as one of the components of building. It is high time to tell about them. It is important for an engineer to know that all building materials are used in two basic ways. In the first way they are used to support the loads on a building and in the second way they are used to divide the space in a building. But it is more important to realize that building components are made from building materials. At the same time the form of a component is related to the way in which it is used. We can see how this works by considering three different types of any construction: 1. The first type of a construction is made of building materials such as a brick, a stone or concrete. They are called blocks. The blocks arc put together to form solid walls. These materials are heavy. They can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength. At the same time the walls made up of blocks support the building and divide the space in the building. 2. The second type of a construction is made of sheet materials. They are used to form walls which act as both space-dividers and structural support. Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and fixed together to form a building. Such kind of buildings is lighter and faster to construct than a building made up of blocks. 3. The third type of a construction is made of rod materials. They can be used for structural support but not for dividing spaces. There timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods. Usually rod materials are used as columns because of high tensile and compressive strength. On the other hand, they can be fixed together to form framed structures. The spaces between the rods can be filled with light sheet materials which act as space dividers but do not support structural loads.
4. Read the text again and translate it. 5. Read the text again and complete the spidergram:
6. Read the following statements and say whether they are true or • Rod materials can be used for both dividing space and supporting the building. • The blocks arc put together to form solid walls. • Concrete can be used as a block material, a sheet material and a rod material. • Steel is used for frame construction because it has high tensile strength and low compressive strength. • There timber, steel and concrete can be formed into rods. • The sheet materials, which act as space dividers in a frame construction' building, can be very light because they do not support structural loads. • The second type of a construction is made of sheet materials. 7. Copy and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show
Function of components | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Form of material | Structural support only | Space diving only | Both structural support and space diving | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Blocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sheets | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rods | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8. Look at these diagrams. Read the passage, say which paragraph discusses:
a) planar construction
b) frame construction
c) mass construction
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Frame construction planar construction Mass construction
Lesson 33-34
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