Лексический тест по теме : “Government System of the USA and Great Britain”

Из предложенных вариантов (А, B , C , D , E ) выберите правильный:

 1. The monarch of Great Britain takes____ part in the decision-making process.

A. an active B. no C. a great D. distinctive E exclusive

 2. The members of the House of Commons are elected by the ____.

A. Queen B. people C. Lord Chancellor D. ministers  E. Speaker

 3. The House of Commons is presided over by the ____ .

A.. Speaker B. Queen C. Lord Chancellor D. peeresses E. Prime Minister

 4. British Prime Minister is the ____ .

A. majority party leader B. member of the opposition C. leader of the 

 opposition D. Chairman of the House of Lords E. Conservative party  

                       representative

5. The members of the British Cabinet of Ministers are chosen by the _____.

  A. people B. Lord- Chancellor C. Queen D. Prime- minister E. Speaker

6. The job of the American Congress is to _____.

A. enforce laws B. make laws C. restrict laws D. veto laws

                  E. put the laws into effect

7. The US Supreme Court consists of 9 justices. They are appointed by the____.

  A. Senate B. Congress C. Vice-President D. Chief Justice E. President

8. When the President receives a bill from the Congress, he must ____ .

  A. veto it B. disapprove it C. sign it. D. reject it E prohibit it.

9. The American President is elected every _____ years.

   A. four B. two C. three D. every other year E. six  

 10. The executive power in Britain is implemented by the ____.

   A. Shadow Cabinet B. Cabinet of Ministers C. Queen D. Speaker E. King

 

Семестр

Тест

Put the correct form of the verb choosing between A,B,C,D variants.

1.They____________________ to return after the bomb safe.

A    allowed, was made

В    have been allowed, will be made

С    were allowed, had been made

D    had been allowed, has been made

2. There's the car. My husband  . I must go 

and bathe my eyes, I don't want him to see I ________

A    had come, was crying

В    comes, had been crying

С    has come, have been crying

D    came, cried

 

3. He on with the new boss, so he _ another branch.

A doesn't get, asked to transfer

В hasn't got, had asked to have been trans­ferred to

С doesn't get, has asked to be transferred to

D isn't getting, asked to transfer to

4._________________________ At the port we saw a steamer which with grain.

A    was being loaded

В    was loaded

С    loaded

D    is being loaded

5.__________________ Don't go that way, the road     since March.

A    repairs

В    is repairing

С    has been repaired

D    has been repairing

6.____ After we_____      all the packing it will be nice to have a snack.

A    will do

В    are doing

С    have done

D    will have done

7.    He____      on with the new boss, so he _

another branch.

A doesn't get, asked to transfer

 В hasn't got, had asked to have been trans­ferred

С doesn't get, has asked to be transferred

 D isn't getting, asked to transfer

8)_____At the port we saw a steamer which_____with grain.

A    was being loaded

В    was loaded

С    loaded

D    is being loaded

9._______Don't go that way, the road_____ since March.

A    repairs

В    is repairing

С    has been repaired

D    has been repairing

 

10. What question when the talks

A    is considered, break

В    was considering, broke

С    had been considered, are broken

D    was being considered, were broken

11. He___  up and down the room for an hour now thinking of the story he    A walks, writes

В has been walking, was writing

С is walking, has been writing

D was walking, wrote

12. My cousin______________ with us until she____somewhere to live.

A    stays, will find

В    is staying, finds

С    stayed, can find

D    was staying, found

13. Your guests_______ They__       in the garden.

A arrived, sat

В are arriving, have sat

С have arrived, are sitting

D arrive, were sitting

14. What sort of research  now and who ____       it?

A    is being done, is doing

В    is doing, has done

С    has done, was doing

D    has been done, will be doing

15. We'll get married as soon as we____ the problem of where we____to live.

A    will settle, will be

В    have settled, are going

С    settle, come

D    will have settled, was going

 

 16.Uncle Max slipped as he_____ beside the river  and____into the water with a loud cry.

A    walked, has fallen

В    was walking, fell

С    is walking, falls

D    has walked, is falling

 

Материала для домашнего чтения или аудиторных обсуждений.

 

WHO IS AN EXECUTIVE ?

 

It is generally defined that an executive is a person or group having administrative or managerial authority in an organization, which may be a company, corporation, bank, hospital, Foundation, college, university, etc. The chief officer of a government, state, or political division is also commonly recognized as an executive. The administrative or managerial responsibility includes planning for the effective functioning, growth, and profitability of the organization, decision making on issues that influence or affect the organization, leading the organization towards its objectives and goals and creating a healthy environment and opportunities for development and career growth for the employees at all levels.

From a functional point of view a pyramid structure for the employees of an organization has been found to be the most effective and is the basis of organizational set-up for small and large companies, corporations, and government departments in the United States of America. At the lower and middle level of the pyramid the persons responsible for the effective functioning of the units of the organization, though called upon to bear some degree of managerial and administrative responsibility to their division or department, are not called executives. Often they are designated as managers, foremen, department heads, etc. The persons serving at the top level of the organizational pyramid are generally referred to as executives.

However, there is no universal agreement as to who an executive is. The widely accepted notion is that an executive is one who carries out his/her job responsibilities through appropriate delegation and management of the resources and people who report to him/her. In this sense, an executive may be considered as one who gets things done through other people as well as himself/herself. What distinguishes an executive from an employee is the former's role in planning, decision making, and providing leadership for the growth and profitability of the organization, whereas an employee has no such input in its functioning.

NATURE OF THE EXECUTIVE'S JOB

The primary responsibility of an executive is to initiate and carry out such actions needed to achieve the goals of the organization through proper management and administration. However, not all executives are directly involved in all aspects of the administrative and management functions. The complexity and size of an organization determine the number of executives and the nature of their job function. An executive in a small organization generally holds many different functions, whereas in a large organization executives may hold specialized job functions such as administration, accounting, design, production, marketing, advertising, sales, etc.

The important point to note here is that no two executives may have identical job functions, and each executive position is unique in one way or other. Accordingly the skills needed for effective executive performance are also different. Apart from technical and professional skills such as engineering or accounting which needs specialized education and training, there are many other skills and characteristics which all executives need to possess. These are not generally taught in schools and colleges in a formal sense. It is the objective of this book to fill this gap and make the executive become aware of the need for continuous self-development in many areas which may have a direct bearing on his/her performance and success in carrying out his/her job functions.

WHAT IS EXECUTIVE PSYCHOLOGY?

Executives are not an exclusive class of people who are totally different from the rest of humanity. They are men and women coming from the same society which also provides other professionals and non-professionals for the career world. The difference lies in the job function only. Executive psychology deals with all the pertinent aspects of behavioral and educational psychology applicable to the executive in carrying out his/her administrative and/or managerial functions. It emphasizes the need for attitudinal and behavioral modifications on the part of the executive to suit his/her job functions for better performance. It also defines the subjective skills needed for executive achievements and to safeguard oneself from maneuvering from others in a competitive corporate environment.

TASKS TO THE TEXT.

1. Make a list of unknown words. Translate them.

2. Translate the text.

3. Answer the questions:

a) Name organizations having administrative authority.

b) Name some administrative functions.

c) Name three levels of management.

d) How can you define the word executive?

e) What is the main responsibility of an executive?

f) What special jobs do executives have?

g) What is the EXECUTIVE PSYCHOLOGY?

EXECUTIVE STRESS (read and translate with the dictionary)

Stress is a non-specific response of individuals to the environ­ment. This environment includes people, place, and situations with which the executive interacts in his/her daily life. No two people respond the same way to a given stressor. Stress is not always bad. What is stressful to one may even be invigorating to another.

Stress does not kill, but stress response can. That is, when the stress moves from the psyche (mind) plane to the somatic (body) plane, it can affect the bodily functions such as sleep, digestion, blood circulation, and nervous system negatively and disturb the homeostasis of the body. The symptoms of stress are unmistakable: sleepless-ness, headaches, fatigue, nervous tension, mood changes, etc.

Unmanaged stress is like unregulated flood which can break through the banks and do more harm than good. Unmanaged stress, when allowed to persist over a long period of time, can result in a multitude of psychosomatic illnesses, of which stomach ulcers, hypertension (high blood pressure), cardiovascular and renal problems are but a few to mention.

Stress is not something to be afraid of or unduly concerned about. It is part of being human, more so being an executive. There is no such thing as life without stress, occupation without tension, or career without problems. It is a matter of learning to cope with them. Executives who have chosen organizational life, of course, must be competitive to achieve competence for effective job performance. No doubt, the need to compete and achieve is highly stressful for many of them, and those who can not manage do suffer impairment of health.

Harry Levinson, in his book "Executive Stress", mentions "executives most often do not differentiate between creative and self-destructive competitiveness. They assume that if they have chosen organizational life, the inevitable product is stress and they will have to take their chances, worrying all the way and unable to do anything about it. It isn't and they won't".

There is no need for the executives to resign to the notion that sooner or later stress is going to get them. Stress is manageable when you understand the cause and effect relationship and discipline yourself to spend some time and effort to counteract the stress preventively. Also, you will be able to use stress as a motivator for your achievement and advancement in career.

SOURCES OF EXECUTIVE STRESS

Stress for the executive can arise from career or personal life or both. The major sources of executive stress are:

• People management

• Time management

• Mobility

• Promotions and adjustments

• Performance and self-doubt

• The race to the top

• Personal financial management

• Family problems

• Incompatible goals

• Success syndrome—the stress of success

 

CRISIS MANAGEMENT (read and translate with the dictionary)

Crisis is an unanticipated occurrence or event in life of a person for which he/she is not prepared. Crisis can come in many different forms—sudden death of a beloved person, divorce, job lay-off, financial losses, accidents, catastrophic illness or sickness of oneself or loved ones, etc. Two factors contribute to the intensity of the crisis-one is the unexpected nature and the other the unpreparedness to deal with the event.

A crisis is extremely stressful for the simple reason that the person undergoes an utter feeling of helplessness. Nothing precipitates emotional stress more than being in a state of helplessness, real or imagined. The result is that the person becomes overly emotional, displaying the basic raw emotions of anger, fear, or grief, even joy, depending on the nature of the event causing the crisis. The emotional response of individuals, of course, varies—some overly react, whereas some are able to handle the crisis with restraint, depending on their mental make-up or what is generally called as their personality.

Crisis in the life of organizations is not much different from that in the life of individuals in the two principal factors of occurrence, namely, the unexpectedness and unpreparedness. It may not be with the same catastrophic suddenness as in the life of an individual, but slowly it begins to precipitate when the conditions conducive for crisis are present and undermines the financial and/or executive stability of the organization.

Ability to deal with crisis in personal life is an index of the emotional maturity of the person. It is a synergistic skill for the executive as far as the organization is concerned. The executive who is capable of managing crisis in personal life can be expected to deal with organizational crisis in a more rational manner than one who is unduly stressed in personal crisis situations.

Is crisis preventable? Many a time, yes—say behavior psychologists. Anticipation of a potential crisis provoking event and being prepared mentally and action-wise to face it and deal with it are the best means of prevention. The state of being prepared eliminates the feeling of helplessness in the face of the impending crisis, thereby reducing its traumatic intensity.

Behind every crisis lies an opportunity for its prevention in the future, provided we take time to analyze the cause and effect of the crisis and adopt an action plan designed to deal with it preventively.

LEADERSHIP

What is Leadership?

In its simplest form, leadership is the skill or ability to guide by showing the way or to command and direct. It also implies the ability to induce in others a willingness to accept and to follow—often referred to as the ability to motivate others.

Contrary to what most people believe, leadership is not something that a person is blessed with at birth. But the characteristics that contribute to leadership are acquired. It can therefore be developed and improved. Leadership for the executive can not easily be separated out of his/her overall executive ability. Getting your subordinates to work together toward group goals, for example, is both a leadership as well as executive function.

Leadership is not an all-or-nothing skill. It is not that either you have it or don't have it. Leadership is more appropriately considered in relation to the conditions under which you operate, rather than to some abstract, arbitrary rules of do's and don'ts.

⇐ Предыдущая567891011121314Следующая ⇒

Поделиться: