PRINCIPAL MEMBERS OF THE SENTENCE

THE SUBJECT

The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and of which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent, i.e. in most cases it agrees with the subject in number and person.

The subject can be expressed by:

1. a noun

· a noun in the common case, e.g. The sea is calm tonight. Anna sings beautifully.

· a noun in the possessive case, e.g. Anna’s was the best voice of all.

· a noun group, Paul and Vera are my best friends. The blue of the sky showed that it was morning already.

2. a substantivized adjective, e.g. The old and the young must be helped by the society.

3. a numeral, e.g.

· Thirteen is my favourite number. (cardinal numeral)

· The third was our bus. (ordinal numeral)

4. a pronoun

· a personal pronoun, e.g. She is my sister. We were really happy.

· a possessive pronoun in its absolute form, e.g. Theirs was a happy marriage.

· an indefinite pronoun, e.g. Anyone can do it, it’s easy. One can’t be always in a good mood.

· a demonstrative pronoun, e.g. That was not true.

· a negative pronoun, e.g. No one knew the truth.

· an interrogative pronoun, e.g. Who has been sitting on my chair and has broken it?

· a detaching pronoun, e.g. The other is better.

· a universal pronoun, e.g. All is well that ends well.

5. an infinitive or an infinitive phrase, e.g. To live is to love. To forgive that was impossible.

6. a gerund or a gerundial phrase, e.g. Seeing is believing. Sleeping all the time is wasting your life.

7. dummy subjects ‘it’ and ‘there’, e.g. It is never late to learn. There is many a slip between the cup and the lip.

8. a quotation, e.g. ‘Daddy’ is one of Danielle Steel’s romantic novels.

9. a subject clause, e.g. What is done cannot be undone.

TASK 7. Define the subject in the sentences below.

1. What is the meaning of all this?
2. Dark blue is not your colour, don’t buy this dress.
3. There was only one quality in a woman that appealed to him — charm; and the quieter it was, the more he liked it.
4. It was broad daylight when we started.
5. Who can tell the number of scintillating stars above our heads?
6. Could one do anything for them at all?
7. The third may be not taken into account.
8. To look for the keys or not in the dark was the question.
9. Will half of the sum be enough?
10. The brave won't lay down their arms.
11. Never is a long time.
12. Being an optimist after you've got everything you want doesn't count. (Kin Hubbard)
13. A few more of these is all that is needed.

THE PREDICATE

                                          PREDICATE

SIMPLE                                                                          COMPOUND

verbal        nominal                                                   verbal                   nominal

                                                                             modal        aspect       

Simple verbal predicates

Predicates of this kind denote one action and may be expressed by:

1.  synthetical forms of the verb (notional verbs with or without endings), e.g.

· Mary cooks dinner every evening.

· Mary cooked dinner yesterday.

2. analytical form of the verb (an auxiliary verb + a notional verb), e.g.

· Mary is cooking dinner tonight. (is – an auxiliary verb; cooking is a notional verb)

· Mary has been going out with Jake since April. (has been –auxiliary verbs; going out is a notional verb)

· Yesterday she was invited to go out by Nick. (was – an auxiliary verb; invited – a notional verb)

3. phrasal verbs (e.g. to get up; to cut off; put on; to take off, etc.= a verb + post position), e.g. 

· She is going out tonight.

· Jim never takes off his shoes when he comes home.

4. set expressions denoting short actions (e.g. to have a swim; to give a laugh, to make a move, etc.), e.g. 

· At the sight of the dog Sofia got frightened and gave a cry.

· The expert took a look at the picture and said that it was a fake.

5. phraseological set expressions (to lose sight of, to take care of, to make fun of, to take part in, etc), e.g.

· Bertha changed her mind about the trip to Liverpool.

· Look through your papers and get rid of all you don’t need.

 

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