Adjective comparative   superlative

                   (сравнительная степень) (превосходная степень)

cheap             +er   = cheaper              +est = cheapest

young             +er   = younger              +est = youngest

short               +er   = shorter               +est = shortest

wide                    +er    = wider                +est = widest

small              +er    =smaller               +est = smallest

 

2. Short adjective ending in one vowel + one consonant

(правила правописания)

big                  +g +er = bigger          +g +est = biggest                          

fat                   +t +er = fatter            +t +est = fattest

slim                 +m+er = slimmer       +m +est = slimmest

hot                  +t +er = hotter           +t +est = hottest

thin                 +n +er = thinner         +n +est = thinnest

 

3. Adjectives ending in er, ow, etc (2 syllables) (двуслоговые прилагательные)

 

clever            +er    = cleverer              +est = cleverest   

narrow           +er    = narrower            +est = narrowest

shallow          +er    = swallower           +est = swallowest

 

4. Adjectives ending in y  (2 syllables)

 

easy               +ier   = easier                +iest = easiest

heavy             +ier   = heavier              +iest = heaviest

early               +ier   = earlier                +iest = earliest

funny              +ier   = funnier               +iest = funniest

happy             +ier   = happier              +iest = happiest 

 

5 Adjectives ending on ous, ing, ful, ed ( 2 syllables ) and long adjectives (3/4 syllables) 

boring              more boring                       most boring

famous             more famous                     most famous

modern                 more modern                    most modern

polite                more polite                        most polite 

tired                  more tired                         most tired  

expensive         more expensive                 most expensive

comfortable      more comfortable             most comfortable

 

6. Irregular adjectives

good                 better                                  best

bad                   worse                                    worst

far                     further                                 furthest  

much/many       more                                   most

little                   less                                     least

 

7. As … as, not as/so … as

He is as rich as his brother.

I’m as clever as my uncle.

Mary is not as/so nice as her sister.

Is the weather not so hot as this in New York?

 

 

8. The … the …

The more we learn, the more we know. – Чем Больше мы учим, тем больше мы знаем.

The sooner, the better. –Чем раньше, тем лучше.

9. Older than more expensive than

He is two years older than his brother.

My car is more expensive than his.

10. It’s twice/three times/four times as long/light/heavy/high as

The road is twice as long as that one.

Some useful idioms of comparison:

As good as gold (золото) As old as the hills (холмы)

As busy as bee (пчела) As cold as ice (лед)

As changeable as weather (изменчив как погода)

 

Тема 7

PAST SIMPLE (Прошедшее неопределенное время)

 

We use the past tense to tell stories about the past. We also use it when the time when something happened is important (выражает фиксированные действия в прошлом).

 

Время Past Indefinite служит:

1. Для выражения действия, совершившегося или совершавшегося в прошлом, при изложении прошедших событий. Past indefinite переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола как совершенного, так и несовершенного вида, в зависимости от смысла предложения. Время совершения действия может быть выражено придаточным предложением или не указываться, а подразумеваться. Для выражения прошедшего действия в Past Indefinite могут употребляться такие обозначения времени, как yesterday вчера, last week на прошлой неделе, an hour ago час тому назад, the other day на днях, on Monday в понедельник, in 1998 в 1998 году, during the lesson во время урока и т.п.

I spoke to him the other day. Я говорил с ним на днях.

Не came at five o'clock.       Он пришел в пять часов.

Не called when I was          Он заходил, когда я был в Институте.

at the Institute.

2. Для выражения ряда последовательно происходивших событий:

Не! eft the hotel, took a taxi Он вышел из отеля, взял такси

and drove to the theatre,         и поехал в театр.

When I arrived at the railway Когда я приехал на вокзал, station, I went to the booking- я пошел в кассу и office and bought a ticket,                         купил билет.

3. Для выражения обычного, повторявшегося в прошлом, действия:

Last winter I spent a lot of time Прошлой зимой я проводил много in the library,                                       времени в читальном зале.

В этом случае вместо глагола в Past Indefinite очень часто употребляется глагол used [ju: sd] в сочетании со смысловым глаголом в форме инфинитива с частицей to:

Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library.

Образование Past Indefinite Tense

1. Утвердительная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных глаголов образуется от инфинитива (без частицы to) путем прибавления во всех лицах окончания -ed:

to live - I lived; to work - I worked; to expect - I expected.

Окончание -ed произносится как [d], [t] или [id] в зависимости от предшествующего звука:

а) после звонких согласных, (кроме d) и гласных как [d]:

lived [livd] informed [i'nfo: md]

answered ['a: nsad] followed [foloud]

b) после глухих согласных (кроме t) как [t]:

helped [helpt], asked [a: skt], finished [fmifl]

c) после d и t как [id]:

waited [weitid], intended [intendid], wanted [wantid]

Past Indefinite неправильных глаголов образуется иными способами в основном путем изменения корня: to speak - I spoke [spouk], to begin - I began; to sell - I sold [sould]; to lose - I lost [lost].

2. Вопросительная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did) и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола (без частицы to), причем вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Did I work?   Did I speak?

Did he work? Did he speak?

3. Отрицательная форма Past Indefinite Tense правильных и неправильных глаголов образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to do в прошедшем времени (did), частицы not и формы инфинитива смыслового глагола, причем not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

I did not work. I did not speak.

He did not work. He did not speak.

4. В вопросительно-отрицательной форме Past Indefinite Tense частица not ставится непосредственно после подлежащего:

Did I not work? Did you not work? Did he not work?

 

Regular verbs (Правильные     Irregular verbs (Неправильные

Глаголы)                                         глаголы)

work+ed=worked                          be – was, were

type+d=typed                                do - did

stop+p+ed=stopped                     have - had

stay+ed=stayed                            can - could

clean+ed=cleaned                        go - went

live+d=lived                                  write - wrote 

like+d=liked                                  get - got

start+ed=started, etc.                   sell – sold, etc.

 

Positive (положительная форма)

I/you/he/she/we/they worked in London in 1995.

I/you/he/she/we/they went to London in 1995.

 

Negative (отрицательная форма)

We use didn’t + infinitive (without to) in all persons.

I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t work in London in 1995.

I/you/he/she/we/they didn’t go to London in 1995.

Yes/No questions                                                  Short answers

(Вопросы с предположительным                       (Краткие ответы)

ответом “Yes”, “No”)

Did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London in 1995? Yes, I did./No I didn’t.

Did I/you/he/she/we/they go to London in 1995? Yes, we did./No, we didn’t.

Special questions (специальные вопросы, начинающиеся с вопросительных слов “when”, “why”, “where”, “how “ etc.)

When did I/you/he/she/we/they work in London? I worked in London in 1995.

Where did I/you/he/she/we/they go in 1995? I went to London in 1995.

Time expressions

   night                                     weekend

   Saturday                               morning

   last week                             yesterday afternoon

   month                                    evening

   year                                       summer

In 1987, in May, two days ago, from … till, all day long, the whole day

 

Упражнения на закрепление:

 

1.. Поставьте глагол в прошедшее время.

a. Yesterday he (go) to work by car.

b. I (watch) television yesterday evening.

c. He (write) a letter to Jane last week.

d. The accident (happen) last Sunday afternoon.

e. When I was a child, I (want) to be a judge.

f. We (leave) home at 8.30 this morning.

g. They (do) their shopping last Monday.

h. Ann (take) photographs last Sunday.

 

2. Завершите предложения, поставив глагол в отрицательную форму .

Пример: I saw John but I didn’t see Mary.

 

a. They worked on Monday but they … on Tuesday.

b. We went to the shop but we … to the bank.

c. She had e pen but she … a paper.

d. Jack did Spanish at University but he … English.

e. I sent a letter to tom but I … to Mike.

f. She went to the post office but she … to the hospital.

g. I spoke English when I was a child but I … French.

h. I ate meat yesterday but I … fish.

i. He read a newspaper yesterday evening but he … a magazine.

 

3. Образуйте общий вопрос.

Пример:. I watched TV last night. And you? Did you watch TV last night?

 

a. I enjoyed the party. And you? ….

b. I had a good holiday. And you? ….

c. I got up early this morning. And you? ….

d. I slept well last night. And you? ….

e. I worked hard yesterday. And you? ….

f. I went to bed at eleven o’clock yesterday. And you? ….

g. I saw Tom at the party. And you? ….

h. I sent three telegrams yesterday. And you? ….

i. I passed the exam yesterday. And you? ….

 

4. Скажите, что вы делали (не делали) вчера .

Пример: (watch TV) I watched TV yesterday. I didn’t watch TV yesterday.   

a. (get up before 7.30)

b. (have a shower)

c. (buy magazine)

d. (speak English)

e. (do an examination)

f. (eat meat)

g. (meet my friend)

 

5. Образуйте специальный вопрос .

Пример: He went abroad. Where did he go?

 

a. I met somebody. Who …?

b. Henry arrived. What time …?

c. She saw somebody. Who …?

d. They wanted something. What …?

e. The party finished. What time …?

f. He went home early. Why …?

g. We had dinner. What …?

h. It cost a lot of money. How much …?

 

6. Разыграйте следующие и составьте аналогичныe диалоги.

- Where were you yesterday morning?

- I discussed a lot of problems with my manager. And you?

 

- I saw many interesting things yesterday.

- Did you buy any postcards?

 

- Paul had an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown.

- No, he didn’t have an appointment at 11 o’clock with Mr. Brown. He had an appointment with Mr. White.

-

7. Расскажите о вчерашнем дне, предварительно ответив на вопросы:

a. What did you have for breakfast yesterday?

b. Did you enjoy your breakfast?

c. What did you do after breakfast?

d…Did you go to work?

 

8. Образуйте вопрос и ответьте на него .

Пример: When did you last have a holiday? - Last July.

 

a. see a video

b. go shopping

c. give someone a present

d. take a photograph

e. send a letter

f. see a friend

g. have a dinner at a restaurant

h. lose something

i. go abroad

j. stay away from classes

k. tell a lie

l. discuss a difficult problem with you friend

m. buy a coat

n. get up late in the morning

o. be late to work

p. make a phone call

q. pay a bill

r. cash a cheque

 

9.. Скажите три вещи, которые вы могли делать в пять лет .

Пример: I could ride a bike when I was five.

 

10. Скажите три вещи, которые вы не могли делать в пять лет .

Пример: I couldn’t use a computer when I was five.

 

 

 

Present Perfect

(Настоящее завершенное время)

   We use the present perfect tense for an action in the past with a result now (выражает действие, завершенное к данному моменту, результат которого налицо).

We use the present perfect with ever, never, already, just yet, recently, for since, etc.

Форма образования have/has + past participle of the verb

Positive (положительная форма)

I/we/you/they have done/finished

He/she/it has done/finished

Negative (отрицательная форма)

I/we/you/they have not (haven’t) done/finished

He/she/it has not (hasn’t) done/finished

Question (вопрос)

Have I/we/you/they done/finished?

Has he/she/it done/finished?

Examples:

I have just done my work.

I haven’t done my work yet.

He has travelled all over the world.

They have already come home.

Irregulars (неправильные глаголы)

Base form           Past Simple            Past participle

Be                       was/were                been

Become              became                   become

Begin                  began                     begun

Build                   built                       built

Can                          could                     been able

Come                   came                      come

Cost                      cost                       cost

Do                        did                         done

Get                       got                         got

Go                         went                     gone

Have                     had                        had

Know                     knew                    known

Learn                     learnt                    learnt

Make                     made                     made

Read                       read                     read

Say                         said                     said

Take                       took                     taken

Write                      wrote                   written

 

HAVE GOT/ HAVE

Have got = Have (в значении “иметь”, “обладать”).

Форма “have got” чаще употребляется в разговорной речи. Форма “have got “ в прошедшем времени не употребляется.

I’ve got a bad cold.

но

I had a bad cold last week.

 

Have got                                          have

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