Economic and political development of Kazakhstan in the first half of the XVIII c.

 In 1552 and 1556 Russian border reached the northern part of Kazakhstan, after joining Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. With the aim of establishing of the communication between Russia, India and other eastern countries the reconnaissance expeditions were sent by Peter I. The first one headed by A.Bekovich-Cherkassky was dispatched to the Caspian Sea and Khiva (1715-1717) and second one under the supervision of I.Bukhgolts (1717-1718) and I.Likharev (1719-1720) were sent up to the Irtysh river.

During the two last expeditions the beginning of the building line of Russian military fortification on the north-eastern border lines of Kazakhstan began.

In 1722 during the staying in Astrakhan on the way from Persia to Petersburg Peter I as it was admitted by the competent eyewitness A.Tevkelev “Could be informed through much people” about the Kazakh lands and defined their significance for geopolitical and trade-economic interests of Russia in Central Asia.

The period of the formation of the Eastern Doctrine of Peter I chronologically coincided with the epoch of growing up of the crisis phenomenon in the internal-political situation of Kazakh nomadic society and worsening of the states of Kazakhstan on the world arena. There were the intensified centrifugal tendencies and it was difficult for Kazakh khan Tauke (1680-1715) and Kaip (1716-1718) to control the separations aspirations of the khans and sultans.

Having used the non-stability of the social-political situation in Kazakhstan, the rulers of the neighboring Joungar khanate at the beginning of the XVIII c. went over from the policy of local invasions into regions of the Middle and Senior juzes to the organization of large scale military aggression against the Kazakh and other peoples of Central Asia.

Besides, the conflicts between the Kazakhs and Volga Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Siberian and Ural Cossacks became more frequent to the north of the region. All these induced the big cattle-owners of the Junior and Middle juzes to seek reliable legal guarantees of the consolidating of the earlier occupied nomad encampments near the Jaik, Ori rivers, and also getting of the new nomadic lands in the lower reaches of the Jaik where the route to Fertile pastures of its right-bank was opened and there were wide opportunities of the enlarging of the contacts with the Russian market.

Not less actual for the Kazakh people was also the mission of seeking for the advantageous ally and the protector with the object of continuing the fight with Joungars for restoring their primordial nomadic lands on the south of the region. All these circumstances caused the striving of the part of the political elite of the Kazakh society to look for the support of the Russian Government.

In October 1730 the Ambassadors of the Khan of the Junior juz Abulkhair (1694-1748), Seitkul Koidagulov and Kutlumbet Koshbayev arrived at Petersburg. They made a request to the empress of Russia about his and people’s subjected to him, taking the Russian citizenship. For the administrating the Kazakhs to the oath of allegiance to Russia to the Empress Anna Ioanovna sent the special embassy to the Junior juz headed by A.Tevkelev, the translator of the Board (Colleague) of foreign affairs.

On the 10-th of the October 1731 the signing of the document legal about citizenship by the group of the Kazakh leaders took place in the Headquarters of Abulkhair khan at the country between two rivers of the lower flows of Irghiz and Tobol rivers. This fact marked the beginning of the long historical process of the joining of the Kazakh lands.

1. Before in 1717 khan Tauke and sultans Kaip and Abulkhair sent ambassadors to Peter I for conclusion treaties against Joungaria, but these negotiations were failed.

2. In the beginning of 1726 Abulkhair sent Koibagar Kobekov’s embassy to Russia for taking Russian citizenship again.

The process of the joining of Kazakh juzes to Russia was long in time and contra dictionary in its essence. The first period of the 30-th of the XVIII involved in the epoch of the formal-legal sovereignty of the Russian empire over the Kazakh people of the Junior and Middle juzes.

Kazakhstan in the middle of XV111c

    Abulkhair united Junior Zhuz, but after his death Zhus was divided between Nuraly – son of Abulkhair and sultan Batyr.

Nuraly sent his son Janibek to Russia as an amanat (hostage) for acknowledgment Nuraly by Russia Empire. 10 July 1749 Nuraly took on oath of loyalty. So in the Junior Zhuz appeared two khans: in the Southwestern part – Nuraly and in the Northeastern part – Batyr. Russia Empire used contradictions between khans for its interests.

In period of Backer’s (Bashkir) rebels against colonial policy of Russia Kazakh-Russia relations became worse, because Kazakhs helped neighbors.

Weakening and liquidation of Jungar Khanate had influence on the Kazakh-Russia relations. In the middle of 18 century, after the death of famous general Galdan-Tsereng (1745) Jungars continued to attack Kazakh’s lands. Russian administration protecting factories on the territory of Kazakhstan declared all the mines and factories private property of Romanov’s dynasty. Struggle between the descendants of GALDAN-Tsereng led to conquest of the Dzungaria by China. So in1758 Dzungaria Khanate stopped existing.

In the middle of 40^th- beginning 50th there were lines of fortifications in the Northwest Kazakhstan, at first, for defense from Jungars, later – for organization of point to colonize of Steppe. Border’s lines had 3 parts:

- Gorkaya line -from Siberian part to Omskaya fortress – 553 versta ( 1 versta= 1, 066 km)

- Irtish line – from Omskaya to Malonarymskaya fortress – 1684 v.

- Colyvanskaya line – from Ust-Kamenogorskaya fortress to Kuzneck – 723 v.

Later built other fortifications. All the system of lines spread from Gyriev to Zvenigorodsk

Fortresses which were located the best pastures and lands of Kazakhstan.

Russia’s trade connections with neighbor counties were weakened thanks to peasant’s unrests and palaces revolution in Russia at that time.

Kazakhs active bargained with China after the falling of Jungars state. Trade with Russia was not profitable, because Kazakhs didn’t know Russian money (silver and golden coins used as a decoration). Moreover development of caravan’s trade depended on situation of region: majority didn’t take Russian’s citizenship, traditional nomadic Routes were broken, Ural’s Cossacks and Kalmyk from Volga continued drove away cattle of Kazakhs. Nevertheless, Kazakh-Russian correlations were developing. One of the big trade centers between Russia and Steppe was Orenburg.

Later such fortresses as Iamyshevsk, Zhelezinsk, Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Bukhtarmynsk transformed into trade centers. There were built a mint. Tsar was interested in the trade with Steppe, so he ordered to build mosques in the fortresses. Kazakhs sold cattle, wool, meat, salt.

There was received permission of Catherine II to let through caravans from Middle Asia to Turkestan. Merchants from Tashkent, Bukhara, Kokand, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Kursk, Kazan could be met in Petropavlovsk ( Kyzyl Zhar).

Merchants from Kashgarya, Kuldja, China came Semipalatinsk. Kazakhs strengthened thanks to economy correlations with neighboring countries. There was one negative factor of development: most part of the territory of Kazakhstan depended on policy of Russian Empire.

In the 50^th-60^th years Russia conducted concrete policy for colonization of the Kazakhstan land. It formed Ural’s, Siberian and Orenburg’s army of Cossacks, confiscated and occupied nomadic lands of Kazakhs built military fortifications on the best pastures. In September 1756 Orenburg’s administration banned veto to lead nomad’s life and herd cattle on the right bank of Yaik-river. Downstream of Ural-river was occupied by Cossacks. Best Northeast regions were in the private property of Russian landowners – Uysupov and Bezborodko.

So in the middle of 18 century there were seriously changing in the political and economic development of Kazakhstan. There were:

- trade relations of Kazakhstan with the neighboring countries lead to strengthening of Kazakhs

 

 Taking of Russian citizenship by Kazakh Zhuzes (Juzes) led to introduce of Empire’s laws.

The main aim of administrative reforms was liquidation traditional Kazakh political system, changing of administrative, legislative and territorial management of Kazakhstan.

Reforms were begun in Middle Juz. After death of great Ablay khan, his son Vali was declared as a khan of Middle Juz in 1781. In 1815 Bukey was declared as a second khan of Middle Juz. After their deaths (Bukey died in 1817, Vali in 1819) new Khan wasn’t declared.

On June 22, 1822 the “Rules on the Siberian Kirghiz ” came into effect. This legislation, which applied only the Kazakhs of the Middle Horde, was the product of the eminent Russian statesmen, Michael Speransky – general-governor of Siberia. The new reforms divided the eastern portion of the Kazakh territory into territorial units, each with its own administration.

1. The smallest administrative unit was the clan or aul which consist of 50-70 carts (approximately 15 families) and was headed by an elder chosen by the community.

2. Volost, which was consist of 10-12 auls and be administrated by a sultan or member of the aristocracy chosen by the elders.

3. Okrug, which was consist of 15-20 volosts. Each okrug administrated by prikaz.

Okrugs of Kazakh of Middle juz was a part of “Oblast of Siberian kirgizes” and divided into internal and external okrugs. External okrugs: Karkaralinskyi, Kokchetavskyi (1824), Bayanaulskyi (1826), Ajaguzskyi (1831), Akmolinskyi (1832), Uch-Bulakskyi (1833), Aman-Karagaiskyi (1832). In 40-50-s –Kokpektinskyi, Kushmurunskyi, Alatauskyi.

Okrug headed by elder sultan who was elected by sultans for 3 years.

Later started Reform in Junior Juz. “Rulers on Orenburg Kirghiz ” was proclaimed in 1824 and produced general-governor P.Essen. Khan of Junior Juz Shirgazy was requested by Russians to go to Orenburg. There was formed three-tiered system consisting of: aul, clan, regional administration. Junior Juz was divided into 3 parts: Eastern, Central and Western.

1. Western region – included all Kazakh lands west of Ilek River and east of Aral Sea – headed by Karatai Nur Ali uly.

2. Central region – included east to the upper course of the Toguzak and Tobol rivers – headed by Temir Er Ali uly.

3.Eastern region – included junction of the Kala and Syr Darya rivers and the border with Bukhara – headed by Juma Kudai Meni uly, a nephew of Qaip khan.

In 1831 each territorial subsection of the Small Horde was divided into distances, or range districts – 8 in the western, 20 in the central, and 28 in the eastern regions. Subdivisions of the steppe continued until, by the mid-nineteenth century, there were 54 such divisions, the commanders of which were chosen by local population and approved by Orenburg.

Khan’s power was preserved only in Inner or Bukey Horde till 1845 (between Jaik and Volga).

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