Subjugation of Great Horde (Senior Zhuz) by Russian Empire.

    Despite of the most territories of Junior and Middle Zhuzes became the members of Russia or were under of its influence in the end of XVIII at the beginning of XIX centuries, the part of the Kazakh land remained depend on Central Asian Khanates. Some of the Kazakh tribes, having winter stay in Khivin and Kokand possessions, moved to the regions, subjected to Russia, for summer stays coming back in fall. Khivin and Kokand Khanates had campaigns against the Kazakh ownerships. The Khivin Khan Mukhammed-Rahim (1806-1825) exposed to great devastation the territory of the Kazakhs roaming from place to place for pasture. The great devastation took place in February 1820, when the army of 10000 persons robbed about 2000 of the Kazakh auls. These invasions had the goal to place under their command the Khanate of the Junior Zhuz – the Khanate of Aryngazy (1816-1821).

The great invasion of the territory of the Kazakh tribes was made by the Khivin Khan Allaku (1825-1842) in 1831.

The Kokand forces suppressed of the resistance of defenders of Chimkent, Aulie-Ata, Turkestan, Sairam, and Kuramy. But the invaders could not press the courage of the Liberation struggle of the Kazakhs. Popular uprising of 1821 under the leadership of Tentek-tore had the liberation character. The number of rebels was about 10000. The uprising enveloped the environs of Turkestan, Chimkent, and Aulie-Ata. The rebels seizure the fortress Sairam, which they turned into their camp. But finally the better armed and more numerous Kokand troops were forced out of their positions. The revolt was severely suppressed.

In 20-30-s of XIX c. there were a few revolts of the Kazakhs and Kyrgizs, enveloped the regions of Turkestan, Chimkent, Sairam, Aulie-Ata, Bishkek.

Still in 1817 Sultan Suyk Ablaikhan-uly declared about the desire of the subject to him tribes to take out the Russian citizenship. In 1819 sultan swore. The territory of the population of 66 th. Persons of Zhalair tribe became subject to Russia. On May 1824 there was signed the Russian Government’s document about taking out the Russian citizenship by sultans of Senior Zhuz.

The guarantor of the strengthening of the influence of Russia on Southern Kazakhstan was the building of military fortresses. On joined territories of Middle and Senior Zhuzes there were built the fortresses Aktau, Alatau, Kapal, Sergiopol (Ayaguz), Lepsinsk (Lepsy). They became the strong points of Russian advance to Zailii region.

 

In 1820 the Governor-general of western Siberia sent a military detachment of 120 Cossacks to the territory of the Great Horde to secure the trade routes and to gain Russian control over the area without force. In 1824 an additional 50000 Kazakhs accepted Russian administration. The population was ruled in accordance with 1822 reforms but was released from yassak (animal tribute).

In 1847 the Russians consolidated their hold over the Kopalsk region when all of the Kazaks migrating between Lepsi and Ili rivers, an additional 40000 families, accepted Russian administration. This resulted in the formation of Council on January 10, 1848, to administrate the Great Horde.

In the 1820-s and 1830-s the Russian authorities at Orenburg and Omsk sent several military missions to expose the steppe. One the results of these missions were the ill-fated campaign against Khiva in 1839, led by Governor-General V.A.Perovskii of Orenburg. Perovskii expedition lost 1, 000 men and most of its transport. In 1847 Perovskii began an ambitious project to build two fortified lines: 1. Novoaleksandrovsk – from north-east corner of the Aral sea for 300 miles along the Syr-Darya. 2. From Semipalatinsk to south.

The construction of these two lines began with the building of a fort at Raim (Aralsk) and Kopalsk (in the region north of the Ili River) and ended six years later with the construction of Kazalinsk in 1853 and founding of Verny (south of the Ili river) in 1854.

After this the Russians began their campaign against Kokand, taking the fort at Ak-Mechet, which they renamed Perovsk (later Kzyl-Orda).   

   Russia was not only the state interested in gaining control of the Kazakh Steppe. Khan Omar of Kokand (reigned 1809-1922) led an expansionist policy toward the Kazakhs. After the conquest of Tashkent the armies of Kokand moved to Turkestan, than crossed over to the right bank of the Syr Darya.

Many of the sultans of the Great Horde supported Kokand because Khan Omar permitted them to collect their customary taxes from the Kazakhs in return for collecting the za’akat and ushur in Omar’s name. In 1821 a group of some 12000 Kazakhs from Turkestan, Chimkent, Sairam and Aulie-Ata regions led by Tentek Tore, revolted against the Khan of Kokand, but were defeated by Omar.

In the 1830-s and 1840-s there were periodic skirmishes between Kazakhs and troops of the Khan of Kokand, and in 1858, after an increase in taxation was announced, Kazakhs attacked Kokand’s fortresses at Tokmak and Aulie-Ata and spread from Shymkent to Pishpek – one of the great uprising of the middle of XIX c.

On December 20, 1863, Tsar Alexander II signed ukase ordering to attack Kokand during 1864. Preparations for the attack were completed in May and two separated armies were dispatched:

1. Colonel Verevkin left Perovsk with some 1500 men and marched toward Turkestan.

2. Colonel Chernaiev was sent from western Siberia to Turkestan with about 2500 men and 22 guns.

On June 4, 1864 the combined armies took possession of Aulie-Ata and on June 9 began a successful three-day siege against Turkestan. After fall of that city they attempted to take Chimkent but failed until September 21, after an additional Russia attachment had been sent.

In 1865 the oblast of Turkestan was formed under the administration of a military governor. Chernaiev was appointed to the post. On June 9, 1865 Chernaiev invaded to Tashkent, and after 3-days he conquered this town – the great political and economic center of Turkestan.

Brief military campaigns were subsequently launched against Khiva and Bukhara in 1873 and both this khanates became Russian protectorates. The power of the khan of Kokand was broken and the city of Kokand surrendered to Russians in 1876.

So, after defeat of Kokand, Bukhara and Khiva, Kazakhs of the Great Horde were subjugated by Russian empire.

The Provisional Statute on the Administration of the Semirechie and Syrdarya Oblast, July 11, 1867, and the Provisional Statute on the Administration of Turgai, Akmolinsk, Uralsk, and Semipalatinsk Oblasts, October 21, 1868 were declared.

All territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three General-governors.

The 1867 and 1868 legislation divided the Kazakh Steppe into six oblasts, each headed by military governor. The Kazakh oblasts in Turkestan – Syrdarya and Semirechie – were under the jurisdiction of the governor-general of Turkestan. Until 1891 there was no general-governor of the steppe, Uralsk and Turgai were under Orenburg governor-general and Akmolinsk and Semipalatinsk were administrated by the governor-general of Western Siberia.

The oblast military governors were the commanders of the troops stationed within each territory. Each oblast was divided into uezd headed by Russian officers who were assisted by local Kazakhs, usually drawn from the aristocracy. The uezd were divided into volosts and volosts into administrative auls, with these authorities elected from the Kazakh population. The volost and auls were formed on a territorial principle.

Each volost consisted of one or two thousand households, each administrative aul of one or two hundred families.

Each volost and uezd was have a native court and a Russian criminal court, in which the judges of the former would be elected and those of the latter appointed.

The cost of this administrative apparatus was to be met by Kazakhs themselves, for which the one ruble seventy-five kopek cart tax was raised to three rubles in four northern oblasts, and two rubles seventy-five kopeks in Turkestan.

The Kazakhs were also subjected to local (zemskii) taxation to maintain post roads, prisons, and schools, as well as to any traditional or religious taxes.

The new administration also regulated the religious authorities under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. The Kazakhs were limited to one mullah per volost. The volost officials were the only ones with the authority to permit the construction of the either mosques or religions schools. Once built, these structures were under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg mufti ate, a subsidiary of the ministry of the interior. This was designed to reduce the growing influence of Islam in Kazakhstan.

The Steppe Commission had recommended that the Russians not intervene directly in the religious affairs of the Central Asians, but rather should restrict the spread of Islam. General Kaufman, the first governor-general of Turkestan, was strongly against Christian missionary activities in the steppe.

Although Muslim clergy in the sedentary regions lost power under the new law, the Muslims of Turkestan were able to continue their missionary activities among the Kazakhs of Semirechie and Syrdarya. The Orenburg muftiate also engaged in the active of Islam by funding the construction of legal and illegal schools and mosques throughout the northern part of the steppe.

The new administration also regulated the religious authorities under the jurisdiction of the ministry of interior. The Kazakhs were limited to one mullah per volost. The volost officials were the only ones with the authority to permit the construction of the either mosques or religious schools. Once built, these structures were under the jurisdiction of the Orenburg muftiate, a subsidiary of the ministry of the interior. This was designed to reduce the growing influence of Islam in Kazakhstan.

News of the Provisional Statutes aroused a strong burst of anti-Russian feelings among the Kazakhs. Uprisings broke out among the Middle Horde, the Small Horde, and Adayev Kazakhs of the Mangyshlak Peninsula.

     Administrative reforms in Kazakhstan in 1867-1868 led to national uprisings as consequences of the Russian colonial policy

In 1869 resistance overtook all the Uralsk oblast and western and southern parts of Turgai oblast. A majority of the fighters were the poor Kazakhs, who were most directly threatened by the tax increase, but they were led by the biis and elders, whose power base was threatened by administrative reform.

An expeditionary force of 5.300 men and 20 guns was sent in June 1869 under the command of general V.A.Verevkin, the military-governor of Uralsk, the Russian fortresses in steppe. Some 71.000 carts had been killed by Russian troops. Fighters were arrested and sentenced to death, and many Kazakhs were sentenced to terms of between 12 and 15 years.

People, who lived in the desert and semi-desert regions of the Mangyshlak Peninsula, were to be subjected to the provisional statute January 1870. The tribes of the region (Adayev Kazakhs and Turkmen) had existed as buffer zone between Russia and Khiva. In 1846 the Russians had strengthened their military presence in Mangyshlak.

In the 1850-s the Russians had been forced to send troops to collect the required taxation. Statutes effectively cut these tribes off from their traditional summer pasturage along the Emba. Troops from Orenburg and the Caucasus seized roads and wells, and the Kazakhs who refused to accept the legislation in order to deny water for their animals.

The new legislation required the Adayev Kazakhs to pay one-rubles zemski tax in addition to the three rubles 15 kop cart tax, that they were already paying Adayev had no currency, they were far from the Russian markets and had little to trade.

In June 1870 General Komarov moved to Mangyshlak. In December general Komarov organized a meeting with the representatives of each of the major clans. These communities that paid their tax peacefully to cross into Uralsk and Turgai, and so travel to their traditional pasturage.

For the next 2, 5 years Russian troops lived among the Adayev to enforce order. These troops participated in the Russian campaign against Khiva in 1873. The conquest of Khiva was completed by the spring of 1874. The Adayev resistance was defeated for the final time. The region was organized as Trans-Caspian oblast and placed under the direction of the general-governor of Caucasian. The Adayev were again cut off from their summer pasturage.

Conclusion:

Despite all of dissatisfactions and uprisings Russian Empire continued their colonial policy.

 

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