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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
LOOKING AFTER THE ENVIRONMENT
The National Trust was set up in 1895. It is a voluntary society with a million and a half members and it now owns more than 200, 000 hectares, particularly in the Lake District and North Wales. It has 190 houses open to the public, 51 villages, 38 pubs and nearly 12, 000 farms. Durdle Door, on the Dorset Coastal Path, is part of its Enterprise Neptune scheme, which protects 800 km of coast. The North Sea is in danger of becoming poisoned to death. More than 70 million tonnes of industrial waste are dumped into it each year. If river pollution is included, at least 50, 000 different chemicals get into the North Sea, including heavy metals like mercury, lead and arsenic, highly poisonous chlorinated compounds and fertilisers which can kill fish and make shellfish unsafe to eat. Until the 1960s, mining waste in the coalfields was left on the surface in ugly heaps. These are now landscaped and grassed over to provide a safer and cleaner environment. ● Find the names of 3 countries and 2 national organizations in the passages. ● What is the Lake District: a natural protected area or an administrative region? ● Find 3 collocations with the word coastal in both passages. ● How do you translate character and originally in the first passage? ● Match the two parts of the words. 1. coast a) will 2. fund b) operation 3. good c) fish 4. land d) line 5. co- e) raising 6. shell f) field 7. coal g) owner ● Explain the phrases in bold: “…launched a fund-raising campaign…”(1) “…a voluntary society…” (2) “…ugly heaps” (2) ● What parts of speech are the following underlined words: complete (1) owns (2) grassed (2)? continuing (1) landscaped (2) ● What is unsafe to eat? ● What pollutants are mentioned in the second passage? (Give 5 items) ● Find one piece of information which is given in both passages but does not coincide. ● What is the main goal of the National Trust? 10.11. Match the two parts of the sentences.
10.12. Fill in the table with the words below:
wildlife / landscape / erosion / tourist / fertiliser / National Park / National Trust / chemicals / industrial waste / local authorities / holiday maker / disrupting / noise / ecotourism / disturbance / cars / mammals / ruin
10.13. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box:
Wildlife is all the plants, ………. and living things that can be found in the wild. The places where wildlife live are called ……….. There are many different kinds of habitat. There are many different ………. of plants and animals in the UK. Many species have ………. over the past 100 years. 15% of wildlife in the UK is endangered and if people don’t help, the problem is going to get ……….. Wildlife is endangered because habitats are being ………. or changed. We must do something now. We can join groups that help the environment or we can start ………. projects on our own.
10.14. Choose the two words which complete each sentence. Use a dictionary if necessary. 1. When it was discovered that the river water had been seriously …….., the local council banned fishing there. a) contaminated b) spoilt c) polluted d) infected 2. Local residents protested strongly about government plans to place a new …….. on the outskirts of the town. a) oil slick b) landfill c) rubbish dump d) greenhouse 3. Poisonous ……. from cars and industry fill the air above most modern cities. a) gases b) resources c) odours d) fumes 4. We need to find some …….. between progress and conservation. a) balance b) equilibrium c) steadiness d) stability 5. The earthquake was so strong that it caused terrible ………. a) dereliction b) devastation c) demolition d) destruction 6. Luckily most of the inhabitants were …….. before the volcano erupted. a) shifted b) evacuated c) relocated d) reestablished 7. Many people are starting to buy …….. foods rather than those with chemical additives. a) refined b) organic c) fertilized d) natural 8. Plans to build a new power …….. have been cancelled. a) station b) plant c) factory d) works
10.15. Work in groups (with a partner) and discuss the following statements. 1. Tourists have no respect for the environment. 2. Holiday makers are rowdy and unpleasant. 3. Developers always build hotels in environmentally sensitive places. 4. Tourism brings wealth to a poor area. 5. Hotels, casinos, discos and marinas spoil the natural beauty of the coastline. 6. Developers pay no attention to local architecture and build ghastly concrete monstrosities. 7. Litter and rubbish are the main problems of all resorts today. 8. People don’t care about the environment nowadays.
10.16. TRAVELLING CHAINWORD
1. A long journey by sea. 2. This language is understood in nearly every corner of the world. 3. A place where tourists usually stay when travelling. 4. How ………. did it take you to get to Moscow? 5. This book gives you information about a country you are going to visit. 6. The English for “экзотический”. 7. You need it if you want to take pictures. 8. Let’s meet ………. the railway station. 9. A person who travels. 10. When in Rome, do as the ………. do. 11. Tourists spend most of their time seeing the ……….. 12. A large boat that is used for travelling by sea. 13. You need this document if you travel abroad. 14. What you need to get onto a train or a plane. 15. The English for “туризм”. 16. Madam Tussaud’s is a ………. in London. 17. It helps you not to get lost. 18. You must be careful of this person in some cities: a p-ck- - - - - t. 19. This language is spoken in Turkey. 20. American word for “hello”. 21. The opposite of “boring”. 22. You’ll see the Parthenon if you go to this country. 23. An old French coin. 24. The English for “метро”. 25. If you go to the USA, you’ll have to change roubles for ……….. 26. You carry clothes and other things in it when travelling. 27. If you go to this country, you’ll be able to see the pyramids. 28. They’ll go ………. London for their holidays this year. 29. What’s ………. at the Bolshoi Theatre tonight? 30. Is there a café ………. here? 31. British drivers drive on the left side of the road. Russian drivers drive on the ………. side of the road. 32. The English for “чаевые”. 33. Concorde is the fastest ………. in the world. 34. Have you ………. been to Australia? 35. The English for “дорога”. 36. This language is spoken in Holland. 37. To travel by getting rides in other people’s cars, usually by standing at the side of the road and signalling to drivers: h- - ch - - - e. 38. ………. or West, home is best. 39. The English for “такси”. 40. This language is spoken in Italy. 41. You’ve n - - - r been to New Zealand, have you? 42. The Mississippi is a ……….. PART II UNIT 11 ACADEMIC WRITING INTRODUCTION This unit is concerned with general organization of academic writing (e.g. a review and project ), its structure and particularly the way in which the different parts are linked together. Most pieces of writing are organized in a similar way: introduction, development of main ideas and conclusion. It is essential to divide your writing into paragraphs. A paragraph normally contains several sentences and the key sentence is usually the first one, which contains the main idea of the topic. The other sentences support it by adding further information or examples. A paragraph should be linked logically with the previous and following paragraphs. When we develop arguments in academic writing, we normally need to present a balanced view. We must also ensure that facts and opinions are clearly separated. REVIEW According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, a review is a report by somebody giving her or his opinion of a book, film, paper, etc. It has the following structure: Introduction ↓ Paragraph 2 Main Points ↓ Paragraph 3 General Comments ↓ Conclusion Opinions and Recommendations
● Introduction gives the title of the article, the author’s name, the book in which it is published and the reasons you have chosen this article. ● Paragraph 2 gives the main idea, examples, details. ● Paragraph 3 analyses advantages and disadvantages, develops the main idea. ● Conclusion summarises the main points, gives views and what is very important – recommendations. When writing a review bear in mind that there are many useful phrases which can help you in reviews. Introduction The text (article / paper / publication) is published in the book … The text is taken from the book … The author of the book is … The text is devoted to … The book (magazine, journal) publishes the text under the title … The text is entitled …. The text informs (tells us about / points out that / stresses that / presents, etc.)… The author describes (reviews / offers / clearly explains / starts by telling about, etc)… Paragraphs 2 and 3 The main (key) problem (question) of the text (article) is … The basic aim (purpose) of the text, in my opinion, is to show …. Brief (full) information about ….. is given in … The text is divided into 2 (3, 4, etc.) parts The first part is about …. The second part tells (informs) us about … Firstly, … In the first place … Secondly, thirdly, … The text is organised into the following parts … In the text the author gives interesting data about … The text gives some interesting facts, for example, … For instance, … Then the text passes on the problem of … It is necessary to point out that … Special attention is given to … The author gives numerous examples in order to illustrate … There are some figures … Figure 1 shows the scheme (diagram / graph / table) of … In figure 2 you see … On the whole … On the one hand / on the other hand … It is fact that … A lot of people think (believe) that … What is more /Moreover / Besides / Therefore / Thus … Conclusion In conclusion … On the basis of the above information we come to the following conclusion … I think / I believe … In my opinion / To my mind … It seems to me that … As far as I am concerned … Finally / To sum up … Taking everything into account … The main advantage (disadvantage) of this text is … The best feature of this text is … The only drawback I noticed is that … I particularly enjoyed the second part, because … I recommend this (well-written / topical) text (highly) to …
11.1. Choose five most important recommendations which you think will help you to improve your academic writing. 1. Write precisely: clearly and accurately. 2. Use correct language: grammar, vocabulary, spelling, etc. 3. Organise the writing carefully: introduction, main body, and conclusion. 4. Write legibly: handwriting should be easy to read. 5. Write in an academic style: without using colloquial language. 6. Avoid very long sentences. 7. Be rational, critical, honest and objective. 8. Carefully paragraph the writing. 9. Avoid too much repetition. 10. Check details carefully. 11. Ensure that the opening paragraph is not too long and that it creates a good impression. 12. Pay as much attention to the conclusion as to the introduction. 13. Avoid the use of jargon, propaganda, exaggeration, and emotive language. 14. Ensure that ideas and items are logically connected. 15. Finally add some advice of your own that is not covered in the list above. 11.2. Read the review below and answer the questions: Which tenses are used? What is the purpose of each paragraph? What useful phrases are used in the review? Is this a good example of the review or not? Give reasons. Review The title of the article I have just read is “Air Pollution”. It is published in a famous journal “National Geography” and once more proves the importance of the discussed topic. The author begins the article with some historical background and then gives a detailed analysis of the problem of air pollution. The idea is not new, of course, but we must agree that it remains very topical nowadays. Generally speaking the article is organised into 6 parts. Part 1 recounts the history and gives some definitions, e.g. air pollution management and monitoring. Part 2 describes industrial processes causing pollution in such big cities as London and Tokyo. Part 3 clearly explains the sources of harmful emissions, mentioning industrial complexes, motor vehicles and power plants. Part 4 compares big cities, small towns and rural areas. Moreover it gives additional information about toxic and hazardous sources of pollution. I really enjoyed reading part 5 because it is a good bridge to the next part. Only 10 sentences long it presents impressive possibilities of antipollution measures. Unfortunately in the last section the author comes to a distressful conclusion: although millions of dollars are spent to reduce the amount of pollution emitted into the atmosphere, this battle is endless and often not very successful. I personally believe that the main advantages of this article are the following: all problems are covered from many points of view and vivid examples are represented to support them. In addition to this it is well written from all standpoints: the content, topic, style and structure. That is why I heartily recommend this article for those who are doing ecology and geography – it will provide you with many things to think about.
11.3. And now read a similar review of the same article. This model is not a good one and your task is to explain why. REVIEW This article under the title “Air Pollution”, deals with one of the most essential problems of today. The article is divided into several paragraphs – each to describe the problem from different sides. The author starts with the origin of the problem and the first steps taken to solve it. He mentions, that people did not consider air pollution as a problem a century ago, but nowadays almost everybody realizes it. Evidently to catch reader’s attention the author gives a comprehensive picture of a modern city. From my point of view this paragraph, the largest one, is the best one for its insight. All in all the paper is clearly written and relatively easy to read. The only drawback I noticed is that it says nothing specific about the problem. A primary goal is a list of organisations concerned with the quality of urban air. The readership if this article intends to attract students and all the people who want to get general information about air pollution. The epilogue of this article, however, remains the question of air pollution open.
11.4. Are the statements true (T) or false (F)? 1. Reviews do not include the writer’s view point. 2. The present tense is usually used in the description. 3. Each new topic is introduced in a new paragraph. 4. Linking words should be included in your writing. 5. The last paragraph never summarises the article. 6. Always justify your point of view. 7. The heading of the article should always be mentioned. 8. Students always have some difficulties writing in English.
11.5. Which verbs are similar in meaning? 1. analyse a) show 2. characterise b) make clear 3. classify c) demonstrate 4. explain d) describe 5. express e) examine 6. list f) propose 7. illustrate g) arrange into groups 8. suggest h) mention things one after another
11.6. Fill in the gaps with the words from activity 11.5. Mind grammar tense. 1. The report …….. various ways of solving the problem. 2. In 1918 W. Kö ppen …….. climates in 5 categories. 3. Last year British scientists …….. samples of leaves taken from the sea. 4. To put pictures in a book means to …….. it. 5. At the end of the course paper the books are …….. alphabetically. 6. The author …….. his own opinions in his books. 7. Bright colours …….. his paintings. 8. Science cannot …….. everything.
11.7. Match the two parts of the sentences.
11.8. Fill in the words in bold. Remember that: who / that – refers to people which / that – refers to things where – is used for places 1. The article …….. I have just finished reading is very clearly written. 2. A professor is a person …….. works in a university. 3. The book …….. I finished last year has just been published. 4. A school is an institution …….. children are educated. 5. An encyclopaedia is a book …….. gives information on subjects. 6. There are a number of languages …….. are descended from Latin. 7. The difficulties …….. you have when writing in English may be in grammar and spelling. 8. A university is a place …….. students get higher education.
11.9. Match the words with their definitions.
11.10. Read Ali’s essay. Then match the paragraphs A - I with these topics: Популярное:
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