EXERCISE 2 Find the definitions to the key words, using the information after the text and translate them into Russian.

The definitions:

A) a piece of equipment used to prevent the rotary motion of the kelly (or drill string) from being transferred to the drilling line.

B) a device that is attached to the bails of the traveling block and used to gripjoints.

C) a device that has several independently mounted sheaves or pulleys and used to lift and lower elevators.

D) the part of the drive assembly which transmits motion to the kelly and permits the kelly to move vertically while it is rotating or still.

E) a shallow cased hole close to the rotary table. When making up a string, each single is stood here so that it can be connected quickly and easily to the kelly.

F) a piece of equipment designed to mix and prepare drilling mud.

G) a wire rope made up of a number of strands wound around a steel core, used to lift or lower drill pipe.

H) a double or a triple, two or three joints connected together.

I) a piece of equipment used to transfer rotary motion through a master bushing to the kelly, to drillpipe and, eventually, to the drill bit.

J) a device on the top of the derrick that provides means of taking drill line from the hoisting drum to the travelling block.

K) a structure above the well used for drilling string tripping, location of stands and protection of drilling crew against wind and precipitation.

The key words:

Swivel

Drill line

Mousehole

Elevator

Traveling block

Kelly bushing

Crown block

Rotary table

Derrick

Shale shaker

EXERCISE 3 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. Drilling crew members use scratchers to scratch each other and thus clean themselves of oil.

2. Conductor is a person who knows everything at the drilling site. He is in charge of coordinating work of drilling crews.

3. Elevator is a device for lifting derrickman to the monkey board.

4. Doghouse is a room where security guard and patrol dog live.

5. Drilling cuttings are washed out to the surface with drilling mud made of clay and water.

6. Drill pipe is hollow. The reason for this is to make it possible for the mud to pass through it.

7. Cement job is performed only when quality of casing is poor.

8. Cuttings in a well mean cracks on wellbore walls.

9. The kelly is hexagonal. The reason for that is to make it possible for the rotary table to turn the kelly without slipping.

10. Shale shaker is used for separating fluid from drilling cuttings.

EXERCISE 4 Translate the sentences from Russian into English, using the active vocabulary.

1. При выходе из ствола скважины буровой раствор проходит через вибросито, где шлам отделяется от раствора.

2. Мощность от двигателей передается через лебёдку к ротору при роторном бурении.

3. Колонна бурильных труб и привинченное к ней долото, которое дробит породу, вращаются ротором.

4. Кронблок, талевый блок и буровой крюк составляют талевую систему.

5. Вертлюг представляет собой шарнирное соединение и позволяет колонне бурильных труб вращаться.

6. Буровой насос закачивает в скважину буровой раствор, приготовленный в виброситах.

7. Ротор вращает квадрат, квадрат в свою очередь вращает бурильную колонну и колонна вращает бурильное долото.

8. Буровой раствор вымывает шлам из забоя скважины при бурении.

EXERCISE 5 Read and translate the text " Drilling Rig", fill in the missing words from the box before the text. There is one extra word.

oil; cuttings; crews; mud; derrick; equipment; deposits; penetrate; water; natural gas; holes; mobile

Drilling Rig

A drilling rig is a machine which creates 1. holes and/or shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing 2. used to drill 3., 4. wells, or 5. extraction wells or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person. They sample sub-surface mineral 6., test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties, and to install sub-surface fabrications, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be 7. mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called " offshore oil rigs" ). The term " rig" therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is used
to 8. the surface of the earth's crust.

Drilling rigs can be:

• Small and portable, such as those used in mineral exploration drilling and environmental investigations.

• Huge, capable of drilling through thousands of meters of the Earth's crust. Large " mud pumps" circulate drilling 9. through the drill bit and the casing, for cooling and removing the 10. " " while a well is drilled. Hoists in the rig can lift hundreds of tons of pipe. Other equipment can force acid or sand into reservoirs to facilitate extraction of the oil or mineral sample; and permanent living accommodation and catering for 11. which may be more than a hundred. Marine rigs may operate many hundreds of miles or kilometres offshore with infrequent crew rotation. Oil and Natural Gas drilling rigs can be used not only to identify geologic reservoirs but also to create holes that allow the extraction of oil or natural gas from those reservoirs. An oil or gas pumping rig, sometimes called a derrick, is used to retrieve oil/gas from a reservoir.

EXERCISE 6 Read and translate the text " Rig system".

Rig system

A rotary rig's main job is to make hole. To make hole, the drilling crew places a bit on bottom, then the driller rotates it and pumps drilling mud to it. A rig needs a multitude of equipment to make these operations happen. A first look at all the gear on a drilling rig can overwhelm you. It is, however, easy to understand a rig's components if you divide them into systems: power, hoisting, rotating, and circulating.

Power system includes: diesel engine 1, diesel engine 2, diesel engine 3 and electric motors.

Hoisting system includes: drawworks, cathead, blocks and drilling lines.

Rotating system includes: swivel, kelly, rotary table, top drive, drill pipe and drill bit.

Circulating system includes: drilling mud, mud pits, mud pumps, rotary hose, return line and shale shaker.

EXERCISE 7 Read and translate the text " Power system", fill in the missing words from the box before the text. There is one extra word.

rig; power; fuelt; driller; transfer; drilling; circulate; mix

Power system

Without 1. power nothing on a rig operates. Machinery must have an energy source to make it go. On virtually every drilling rig, the power comes from internal-combustion engines, which are called prime movers. Further, they often use diesel 2. . Because of the way diesel engines operate, they deliver more turning force, or torque, than gasoline engines. As a result, many industries, including the 3. industry, use diesels.

A 4. may need from two to four prime movers, depending on its size. The bigger the rig, the deeper it can drill and the more power it needs. Thus, big rigs have three or four prime movers. Together, they develop 4, 500 horsepower (about 3, 300 kilowatts) or more. In comparison, a powerful car engine may put out only 300 horsepower (220 kilowatts) or so; most develop even less.

This power must 5. to the rig's components to make them work. For example, at the same time as the rotary table needs power to turn the bit, the mud pump needs power to 6. drilling mud. What is more, to provide maximum power to a component, the 7. must also be able to combine the power of two or more engines. Two common methods transfer power on today's rigs and allow the driller to combine engine power: mechanical transmission and electrical transmission.

EXERCISE 8 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.

1. The rig height is in propotion to well depth. ________

2. As a rule, big rigs have three prime movers.________

3. Diesel engines are used in drilling industry mainly because of its operation regime.______

4. There are two main ways of power transmission. ___________

5. Actually, power is generated by internal – combustion engines almost on all drilling rigs._____

EXERCISE 9 Read and translate the text " Hoisting system components", using the words after the text.

Hoisting system components

The drawworks is one of the largest and heaviest piece of equipment on a rig. It has a spool-shaped revolving drum around which crew members wrap the wire rope they call drilling line. It also has several shafts, clutches, brakes, and chain-and-gear drives. The shafts, clutches, and drives allow the driller to engage and disengage equipment on the drawworks. The driller can also change the speed with which the drum revolves, thereby varying the speed with which the drawworks raises the traveling block and hook. The driller controls the drawworks from a panel, or console, near the drawworks.

The drawworks also has a heavy-duty main brake. Large bands on both rims of the drum stop the drum from turning when the driller engages the brake. When the brake is disengaged, the drawworks drum lets out drilling line to lower the traveling block. An auxiliary hydraulic or electric brake assists the main brake when the draw-works is raising or lowering heavy loads. The auxiliary brake absorbs some of the momentum created by a heavy load. The main brake thereby works more efficiently.

A cathead is a winch, or windlass, on which a line, such as rope, cable, or chain, is coiled. When activated, the cathead reels in the line with great force. Pulling on a rope, cable, or chain is vital to screwing and unscrewing (making up and breaking out) drill pipe.

A friction cathead is a steel spool a foot (30 centimetres) or so in diameter. It revolves as the catshaft revolves. Crew members used to employ friction catheads and a length of catline—a large-diameter rope made out of plant fiber, or hemp—to move heavy equipment around the rig floor. One floorhand rigged up one end of the catline to the object they wished to move. Another wrapped the other end of the catline a couple of times around the cathead. (Rig hands called this operation " taking wraps around the cathead." ) This second crew member gripped the line near the turning cathead and, by pulling hard or not so hard on the line, adjusted the amount of friction the cathead applied to the line. When the crew member tightened the line— applied more friction—on the cathead, the cathead pulled on the catline and lifted the object. When the crew member loosened the catline wraps on the cathead— released the friction—the cathead stopped pulling on the catline.

An automatic cathead also pulls on a wire rope or, in some cases, on a chain, but in a way very different from a friction cathead. Instead of having to manually adjust tension on a line, the driller simply moves a control lever on the console to engage or disengage an automatic cathead. The automatic cathead on the driller's side of the drawworks is the makeup cathead. The automatic cathead on the opposite side of the drawworks is the breakout cathead, which looks exactly like the makeup cathead.

Drilling line is wireline, or wire rope. Drilling line is, however, considerably larger than the wire rope on the tongs. Wire rope is what most of the world calls cable. Wire rope manufacturers make drilling line by braiding several steel wires together. It looks like cloth, or fiber, rope except that it is made from steel wire rather than plant or plastic fibers. Drilling line ranges in diameter from % to 2 inches, or about 22 to 51 millimetres.

First, assume that the derrick is lying horizontally in its cradle in the substructure. The drawworks is on the rig floor and the rig's engines are running. To begin, workers take one end of the rope off the supply reel, which is resting on the ground near the substructure. They pull the line from the reel to the top of the derrick. There the rig builders installed a large set of pulleys, or sheaves, termed the crown block. Crown blocks have several sheaves over which workers string the drilling line. They thread, or reeve, the drilling line over a groove in a crown block sheave. Then they pull the end of the line to another set of sheaves placed near the middle of the derrick. This sheave set is the traveling block.

The driller raises and lowers the traveling block in the derrick as drilling progresses. During string-up, however, the traveling block is also stationary until workers complete the string-up job. To continue stringing up, they reeve the end of the drilling line through one of the traveling block sheaves. Then they pull the line back to the crown block. They reeve the line over another sheave in the crown block and pull it back to the traveling block. There, they reeve the line through another traveling block sheave and pull it back to the crown.

The number of times the workers reeve the line through the blocks depends on the weight the line has to support and on the size of the crown and traveling blocks. Crown blocks and traveling blocks vary in the size and the number of sheaves they contain.

After the workers reeve the line for the last time over the crown block sheaves, they pull the end of the line to the drawworks. They secure the end of the drilling line to the drum in the drawworks. A worker then powers up the drawworks and takes several wraps of line around the drum, much as an angler reels in fishing line after a cast. Since the traveling block is resting on a support that holds it stationary, the line runs through it without moving it. The part of the drilling line running from the drawworks to the crown block is the fast line. It moves when the rig is operating. That is, after the drilling crew readies the rig, the fast line moves on or off the drawworks drum when the driller raises or lowers the traveling block.

During the drilling of a well, the drilling line carries many tons of drill pipe and other tools in and out of the hole over a distance of several miles; or it uses many newtons of force moving drill pipe over a distance of thousands of metres. The crew therefore rates drilling line use in ton-miles or megajoules. (When a line has moved 1, 000 newtons of load over a distance of 1, 000 metres, the line has given i megajoule of service.) The driller keeps careful track of how many ton-miles (megajoules) of wear occur over time. By consulting specially prepared tables, the driller knows when it is time to slip the line. Slipping the line places unworn line on the wear points where the line goes through and over sheaves in the traveling and crown blocks. The drilling line also wears where it spools off the drawworks drum.

The words to be memorized:

auxiliary – дополнительный, вспомогательный

catline – канат для работ со шпилевой катушкой

fast line – ходовой конец ( талевого каната)

cathhead – шпилевая катушка

friction cathhead – фрикционная шпилевая катушка

makeup cathhead, breakout cathhead – шпилевая катушка для свинчивания бурильных труб

brake – тормоз

clutch – муфта

reeve – надевать (на шкив) ось, вал, шток; оснащать (талевую систему); продевать канат (через блок)

shaft – ось, вал, шток

sheave – шкив, блок, ролик

slip –травить канат, скользить; скольжение

spool – шпулька, бобина

winch – лебедка

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