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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Для технических специальностейСтр 1 из 7Следующая ⇒
Д.Г. Симонян Английский язык Для технических специальностей Рецензент: Большакова Е.Е., преподаватель английского языка высшей категории. Симонян Д.Г. Английский язык для технических специальностей. – СПБ, 2015. - 46 с. Методическое пособие для средних профессиональных и высших учебных заведений технической направленности INTRODUCTION ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Учебное пособие «Английский язык для технических специальностей» является дополнительной частью учебно-методического комплекса, предназначенного для обучения английскому языку студентов технических специальностей СПО и высших учебных заведений технической направленности для очной и заочной формы обучения. Предназначено для аудиторных и внеаудиторных занятий по английскому языку. Оно представляет собой самостоятельное, структурно независимое пособие для развития навыков чтения, расширения кругозора, изучения профессиональной лексики, расширения диапазона лексических знаний, извлечения и обработки информации по технической специализации. Для оживления материала и повышения к нему интереса у учащихся некоторые тексты проиллюстрированы. В целях универсализации каждый из уроков самостоятелен. Все использованные тематические тексты, построенные на профессионально ориентированном материале, являются оригинальными. Некоторая сложность их обусловлена установкой автора на их неадаптированный, оригинальный характер.
СТРУКТУРА ПОСОБИЯ Пособие включает 18 уроков. Каждый текст снабжен индивидуальным тематическим мини-словарем - Vocabulary, который помогает сконцентрировать внимание на рассматриваемой теме, а также заданиями, направленными на проверку понимания, извлечения информации и для закрепления материала. Тексты всех уроков тематически связаны с техническим профессионально ориентированным материалом. Пособие также оснащено ключами к ряду предложенных в нем заданий.
Большакова Е.Е., преподаватель Английского языка высшей категории. Содержание: Part 1. Ø Lesson 1. What is Mechanical Engineering? Part 1………………………5 Ø Lesson 2. What is Mechanical Engineering? Part 2………………………7 Ø Lesson 3. Engine. Part 1…………………………………………………..8 Ø Lesson 4. Engine. Part 2…………………………………………………..10 Ø Lesson 5. Machining……………………………………………………....12 Ø Lesson 6. Drilling Machines. Part 1…………………………………….....13 Ø Lesson 7. Drilling Machines. Part 2…………………………………….....16 Ø Lesson 8. Drilling Machines. Part 3…………………………………….....18 Part 2. Ø Lesson 1. A security alarm………………………………………………...22 Ø Lesson 2. How Does Air Conditioning Work? Part 1……………………..25 Ø Lesson 3. How Does Air Conditioning Work? Part 2……………………..27 Ø Lesson 4. How Does Air Conditioning Work? Part 3……………………..30 Ø Lesson 5. Clothes washing machines. Part 1………………………………32 Ø Lesson 6. Clothes washing machines. Part 2………………………………34 Ø Lesson 7. What is 3D printing? Part 1……………………………………..36 Ø Lesson 8. What is 3D printing? Part 2……………………………………..39 Ø Lesson 9. How do cameras work? Part 1…………………………………..42 Ø Lesson 10. How do cameras work? Part 2…………………………………45 Ø Keys………………………………………………………………………..48 Part 1 Lesson 1 What is Mechanical Engineering? Part 1 Read and translate the text Mechanical engineering is a diverse subject that derives its breadth from the need to design and manufacture everything from small individual parts and devices (e.g., microscale sensors and inkjet printer nozzles) to large systems (e.g., spacecraft and machine tools). The role of a mechanical engineer is to take a product from an idea to the marketplace. In order to accomplish this, a broad range of skills are needed. The mechanical engineer needs to acquire particular skills and knowledge. He/she needs to understand the forces and the thermal environment that a product, its parts, or its subsystems will encounter; to design them for functionality, aesthetics, and the ability to withstand the forces and the thermal environment they will be subjected to; and to determine the best way to manufacture them and ensure they will operate without failure. Perhaps the one skill that is the mechanical engineer’s exclusive domain is the ability to analyze and design objects and systems with motion.
Since these skills are required for virtually everything that is made, mechanical engineering is perhaps the broadest and most diverse of engineering disciplines. Mechanical engineers play a central role in such industries as automotive (from the car chassis to its every subsystem—engine, transmission, sensors); aerospace (airplanes, aircraft engines, control systems for airplanes and spacecraft); biotechnology (implants, prosthetic devices, fluidic systems for pharmaceutical industries); computers and electronics (disk drives, printers, cooling systems, semiconductor tools); microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS (sensors, actuators, micropower generation); energy conversion (gas turbines, wind turbines, solar energy, fuel cells); environmental control (HVAC, air-conditioning, refrigeration, compressors); automation (robots, data and image acquisition, recognition, control); manufacturing (machining, machine tools, prototyping, microfabrication).
Vocabulary diverse [dai’vɜ: s]- разноплановый derive [di’raiv] – получать, унаследовать breadth – [bredθ ] – широта, охват microscale [‘maikrə skeil] – микромасштаб inkjet – струйный nozzle – [‘noz(ə )l] – распылитель, сопло acquire – [ə ’kwaiə ] – приобретать, получить thermal – [‘θ ɜ: mə l] – термический, температурный encounter – [in’kaʊ ntə ] – сталкиваться, встречать aesthetics – [i: s’θ etiks] – эстетика domain – [də ’mein] - область деятельности virtually – [‘vɜ: tʃ ʊ ə li] – фактически, практически chassis – [‘ʃ æ si] – шасси prosthetic – [pros’θ etik]] – протезный, ортопедический fluidic –[flu: ’idik] – гидравлический semiconductor – [, semikə n’dʌ ktə ] – полупроводниковый actuator [‘æ ktʃ ʊ eitə ]– привод, цилиндр привода, гидроусилитель micropower – маломощный, микромощный turbine – [‘tɜ: bain] - турбина cell – ячейка, элемент HVAC =Heat Ventilation And Air Conditioning – теплохладотехника acquisition – [, æ kwi’ziʃ ə n] – получение, сбор machining – металлообработка prototyping - прототипирование microfabrication – микрообработка
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Lesson 2 Part 2 To put it simply, mechanical engineering deals with anything that moves, including the human body, a very complex machine. Mechanical engineers learn about materials, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, control, instrumentation, design, and manufacturing to understand mechanical systems. Specialized mechanical engineering subjects includebiomechanics, cartilage-tissue engineering, energy conversion, laser-assisted materials processing, combustion, MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems), microfluidic devices, fracture mechanics, nanomechanics, mechanisms, micropower generation, tribology (friction and wear), and vibrations. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) currently lists 36 technical divisions, from advanced energy systems and aerospace engineering to solid-waste engineering and textile engineering.
The breadth of the mechanical engineering discipline allows students a variety of career options beyond some of the industries listed above. Regardless of the particular path they envision for themselves after they graduate, their education will provide them with the creative thinking that allows them to design an exciting product or system, the analytical tools to achieve their design goals, the ability to overcome all constraints, and the teamwork needed to design, market, and produce a system. These valuable skills could also launch a career in medicine, law, consulting, management, banking, finance, and so on. For those interested in applied scientific and mathematical aspects of the discipline, graduate study in mechanical engineering can lead to a career of research and teaching.
Vocabulary solid mechanics - механика твёрдого тела heat transfer - теплообмен instrumentation - приборостроение cartilage-tissue – хрящевые ткани [‘ka: tilidʒ ] combustion - возгорание fracture mechanics - механика гидроразрыва friction - трение wear - износ tribology [trai’bolə dʒ i]– трибология (наука о трении) regardless of - независимо от envision – рассчитывать на что-то, предусматривать, constraint – трудность launch – [lɔ: ntʃ ] – начинать, запускать, applied – прикладной research – исследование, исследовать
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Match the antonyms. Soft, launch, solid, aim, be part of sth, achieve, tool, give up, finish, include
Exercise 5 Lesson 3 Engine Part 1 An engine, or motor, is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn fuel to create heat, which then creates a force. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others—such as clockwork motors in wind-up toys—use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use chemical energy to create forces and eventually motion.
" Engine" was originally a term for any mechanical device that converts force into motion. Hence, pre-industrial weapons such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams were called " siege engines". The word " gin, " as in " cotton gin", is short for " engine." The word derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium, which is also the root of the word ingenious. Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example.
In modern usage, the term engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust). Examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets.
Vocabulary internal – внутренний external – внешний force - сила eventually – [i’ventʃ ʊ (ə )li] - в конечном счёте; в итоге hence – следовательно, отсюда, стало быть steam – пар pneumatic [nju: ’mæ tik]– пневматический wind-up toy – заводная игрушка myosin – миозин (белок мышц) trebuchet – [‘trebjʊ ʃ ə t] - фрондибола battering ram - таран siege engine - осадное орудие [si: dʒ ] cotton gin - хлопкоочистительная машина ingenious – [in’dʒ i: niə s] - хитроумный, изобретательный exert – [ig’zɜ: t] – прилагать, развивать, создавать, вызывать torque – [tɔ: k] – крутящий момент thrust – [θ rʌ st] – толчок, удар, импульс turboshafts – [‘tɜ: bə ʊ ʃ a: ft] - газотурбинный вспомогательный двигатель turbofan – турбовентиляторный двигатель
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Lesson 4 Engine Part 2 When the internal combustion engine was invented, the term " motor" was initially used to distinguish it from the steam engine—which was in wide use at the time, powering locomotives and other vehicles such as steam rollers. " Motor" and " engine" later came to be used interchangeably in casual discourse. However, technically, the two words have different meanings. An engine is a device that burns or otherwise consumes fuel, changing its chemical composition, whereas a motor is a device driven by electricity, which does not change the chemical composition of its energy source.
A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, and then converts it into mechanical energy, while an engine creates power from pressure (derived directly from the explosive force of combustion or other chemical reaction, or secondarily from the action of some such force on other substances such as air, water, or steam).
Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines. Vocabulary Initially – первоначально steam roller - асфальтоукладчик interchangeably - взаимозаменяемо whereas – [we(ə )’ræ z] - в то время как в свою очередь prime mover – источник энергии pump – насос ultimately – [‘ʌ ltimitli] - в конечном счёте; explosive – взрывчатый, зарядный secondarily - во вторую очередь, вторично substance – [‘sʌ bstə ns]
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Lesson 5 Machining Machining is a term commonly used in manufacturing, covering the process of sculpting materials into an intended design. Most commonly used on metals, it involves techniques and technologies to remove unwanted pieces, producing your desired shape. Often known as a common alternative to molding and casting, this system is widely used for creating finely detailed materials such as jewellery and metallic gears. Complicated designs often involve metals that are dissimilar or have greatly varying diameters, which leads to excessive material waste with friction welding, so this alternative solution is called upon.
Vocabulary molding – формовка casting – отливка gear [giə ]– инструмент, инвентарь, оборудование excessive – чрезмерный welding – сварка call upon – обращаться к чему-то, привлечь boring – бурение, расточка alter – преобразовывать, изменять, переделывать shears – [ʃ iə z] - ножници drilling – сверление rotating - вращающийся pierce – пронзать, прокалывать milling – выделка turning - обточка lathe – [leið ] – токарный станок revolve - вращаться grinding - [‘graindiƞ ]- шлифовка sharpen - заострять scope – объем, поле, область output – результат, продукт на выходе
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Lesson 6 Drilling Machines Part 1 Genaral Information A drilling machine comes in many shapes and sizes, from small hand-held power drills to bench mounted and finally floor-mounted models. They can perform operations other than drilling, such as countersinking, counterboring, reaming, and tapping large or small holes. Uses A drilling machine, called a drill press, is used to cut holes into or through metal, wood, or other materials (Figure 4-1). Drilling machines use a drilling tool that has cutting edges at its point. This cutting tool is held in the drill press by a chuck and is rotated and fed into the work at variable speeds. Drilling machines may be used to perform other operations. They can perform countersinking, boring, counterboring, spot facing, reaming, and tapping. Drill press operators must know how to set up the work, set speed and feed, and provide for coolant to get an acceptable finished product. The size or capacity of the drilling machine is usually determined by the largest piece of stock that can be center-drilled. For instance, a 15-inch drilling machine can center-drill a 30-inch-diameter piece of stock. Other ways to determine the size of the drill press are by the largest hole that can be drilled, the distance between the spindle and column, and the vertical distance between the worktable and spindle.
Characteristics All drilling machines have the following construction characteristics: 1 driving motor, 2 driving head, 3 round column with geared rack for height adjustment of the drilling-machine table, 4 column base, 5 drilling machine table with T-slots, 6 drilling spindle, 7 spindle head, 8 hand lever for feed
The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position. In most drilling machines, the spindle is vertical and the work is supported on a horizontal table. The spindle holds the drill or cutting tools and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve. In most drilling machines, the spindle is vertical and the work is supported on a horizontal table. The head has a set of handles radiating from a central hub that, when turned, move the spindle and chuck vertically. When the spindle with a cutting tool is lowered, the cutting tool is fed into the work: and when it is moved upward, the cutting tool is withdrawn from the work. The column of most drill presses is circular and built rugged and solid. The column supports the head. The worktable is supported on an arm mounted to the column. The worktable can be adjusted vertically to accommodate different heights of work or it may be tilted up to 90° in either direction, to allow for long pieces to be end or angled drilled. The base of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor, provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy.
Vocabulary bench mounted - настольный floor-mounted - напольный countersinking - зенкование конического отверстия counterboring - цилиндрическое зенкование; spot facing - проточка опорной поверхности на детали reaming - рассверливание tapping - нарезание резьбы feed – питание, подача материала coolant - охлаждающее вещество; хладоагент driving motor - двигатель приводного механизма driving head – приводная головка spindle- шпиндель column – колонна, станина table – стол base – фундаментная плита, основание, опора T-slots - Т-образная канавка spindle head - шпиндельная бабка; шпиндельная головка geared rack – движущийся кронштейн lever - [‘li: və ]- рычаг hub – втулка chuck – патрон feed into – вводить rugged [‘rʌ gid]- прочный withdraw – убирать, снимать, удалять tilt - наклонять end – торец заготовки angle – угол, наклон
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Lesson 7 Drilling Machines Part 2
Care of drilling machines Lubrication Lubrication of drilling machines is important because of the heat and friction generated by the moving parts. Follow the manufacturer’s manual for proper lubrication methods. Clean each machine after use. Clean dirt from T-slots, grooves, belts and pulleys. Remove chips to avoid damage to moving parts. Put a light coat of oil on all unpainted surfaces to prevent rust. Operate all machines with care to avoid overworking the electric motor.
Special Care Operations under adverse conditions require special care. If machines are operated under extremely dusty conditions, operate at the slowest speeds to avoid rapid abrasive wear on the moving parts and lubricate the machines more often. Under extreme cold conditions, start the machines at a slow speed and allow the parts and lubricants to warm up before increasing the speeds. Metal becomes very brittle in extreme cold, so do not strike the machines with hard tools. Extreme heat may cause the motor to overheat, so use intermittent or on and off operations to keep the motor running cool.
Types of drilling machines There are two types of drilling machines used by maintenance personnel for repairing and fabricating needed parts: hand-feed or power-feed. Other types of drilling machines, such as the radial drill press, numerically controlled drilling machine, multiple spindle drilling machine and turret drill press, are all variations of the basic hand and power-feed drilling machines. They are designed for high-speed production and industrial shops
Drilling depth is controlled by a depth-stop mechanism located on the side of the spindle. The operator of the machine must use a sense of feel while feeding the cutting tool into the work. The operator must pay attention and be alert when the drill breaks through the work, because of the tendency of the drill to grab or snag the workpiece, wrenching it free of its holding device. Due to the high speed of these machines, operations that require drilling speeds less than 450 revolutions per minute cannot be performed.
Hand-Feed. The hand-feed drilling machines are the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today. These are light duty machines that are hand-fed by the operator, using a feed handle so that the operator is able to “feel” the action of the cutting tool as it cuts through the workpiece. These drilling machines can be bench or floormounted. They are driven by an electric motor that turns a drive belt on a motor pulley that connects to the spindle pulley. Hand-feed machines are essentially high-speed machines and are used on small workplaces that require holes 1/2 inch or smaller. Normally, the head can be moved up and down on the column by loosening the locking bolts.
Vocabulary lubrication – смазка manual - руководство по эксплуатации groove – паз, желоб pulley – барабан, ролик chip – щепка grit - песчинки rust - ржавчина adverse – суровый abrasive – абразивный, вызываемый трением brittle – ломкий, хрупкий intermittent – c перерывами, прерывистый maintenance - [‘meintə nə ns] – обслуживание, поддержка power-feed – с автоматической подачей radial drill press - радиально-сверлильный станок numerically controlled – цифровой, с цифровым управлением turret drill press – [‘tʌ rit] - сверлильный станок с револьверной головкой depth-stop - ограничитель глубины snag – защемлять, удерживать wrench free – [rentʃ ] - вырывать holding device - захватное ( зажимное )устройство light duty – облегченного типа drive belt - приводной ремень pulley [‘pʊ li]- шкиф locking bolts - зажимной болт; стопорный болт
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Answer the questions. 1) What precautions should be followed by maintenance personnel and why? 2) What are the two main types of drilling machines? 3) What is the simplest and most common type of drilling machines in use today? 4) What kinds of hand-feed drilling machines do you know? 5) How can we move the head of drilling machines?
Exercise 3 Translate into Russian. 1) Luckily for us this incident had caused no harm or any damage to the equipment. 2) Fuel and lubrication were calculated at $1.26 per gallon of diesel fuel plus 20 percent for engine oil, filter, and labor. 3) Check your owner's manual and perform the recommended preseason lubrication and service on your tractors. 4) She sat down to remove her make-up. 5) The presence of rust and corrosion indicates possible moisture invasion and a potential electrical hazard. 6) he bridge is in an extremely dangerous condition 7) In severe cases, nails may become brittle and break easily. 8) He had to withdraw due to a knee injury 9) The Hilda asteroids circle the Sun three times for every two revolutions of Jupiter.
Exercise 4 Lesson 8 Drilling Machines Part 3
Power-Feed Drilling Machines. The power-feed drilling machines are usually larger and heavier than the hand-feed. They are equipped with the ability to feed the cutting tool into the work automatically, at a preset depth of cut per revolution of the spindle, usually in thousandths of an inch per revolution.
These machines are used in maintenance shops for medium duty work, or work that uses large drills that require power feeds. The power-feed capability is needed for drills or cutting took that are over 1/2 inch in diameter, because they require more force to cut than that which can be provided by using hand pressure. The speeds available on power-feed machines can vary from about 50 RPM to about 1, 800 RPM. The slower speeds allow for special operations, such as counterboring, countersinking, and reaming.
The sizes of these machines generally range from 17-inch to a 22-inch center-drilling capacity, and are usually floor mounted. They can handle drills up to 2 inches in diameter. Larger workplaces are usually clamped directly to the table or base using T-bolts and clamps, while small workplaces are held in a vise. A depth-stop mechanism is located on the head, near the spindle, to aid in drilling to a precise depth.
Radial Arm Drilling Machine This is probably one of the most popular types of drilling machine. Due to its radial orientation, the radial arm drilling machine provides a great deal of versatility in its operation. The set-up of this drilling machine allows the operator to manipulate the machine over the workpieces, thus making it more convenient to operate and drill on large workpieces. Moreover, the radial arm drilling machine can be coupled with a tilting table for the drilling of intersecting and angular holes. Vocabulary Preset - с предварительной установкой per revolution - за один оборот medium duty work – средний режим работы power feed - автоматическая подача clamp – прикреплять, зажимное приспособление, лапка, зажим T-bolts - болт с T-образной головкой vise – держатель, тиски versatility - многоплановость tilting table - кантователь; наклонный стол, опрокидываемый стол at one setting - с одного установа (на станок) turret type drilling machine - сверлильный станок с револьверной головкой RPM= Revolutions Per Minute Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Answer the questions 1) What is the difference between power-feed and hand-feed machines? 2) Where are power-feed machines used? 3) What is the size of power-feed machines? 4) Why does a Radial Arm Drilling Machines provide a great deal of versatility in its operation? 5) What is used for the drilling of intersecting and angular holes? 6) What are Special Purpose Drilling Machines used for?
Part 2 Lesson 1 A security alarm A security alarm is a system designed to detect intrusion – unauthorized entry – into a building or area. Security alarms are used in residential, commercial, industrial, and military properties for protection against burglary (theft) or property damage, as well as personal protection against intruders. Car alarms likewise protect vehicles and their contents. Prisons also use security systems for control of inmates. Some alarm systems serve a single purpose of burglary protection; combination systems provide both fire and intrusion protection. Intrusion alarm systems may also be combined with closed-circuit television surveillance systems to automatically record the activities of intruders, and may interface to access control systems for electrically locked doors. Systems range from small, self-contained noisemakers, to complicated, multi-area systems with computer monitoring and control. The most basic alarm consists of one or more sensors to detect intruders, and an alerting device to indicate the intrusion. However, a typical premises security alarm employs the following components: · Premises control unit (PCU), Alarm Control Panel (ACP), or simply panel: The " brain" of the system, it reads sensor inputs, tracks arm/disarm status, and signals intrusions. In modern systems, this is typically one or more computer circuit boards inside a metal enclosure, along with a power supply. · Sensors: Devices which detect intrusions. Sensors may be placed at the perimeter of the protected area, within it, or both. Sensors can detect intruders by a variety of methods, such as monitoring doors and windows for opening, or by monitoring unoccupied interiors for motions, sound, vibration, or other disturbances. · Alerting devices: These indicate an alarm condition. Most commonly, these are bells, sirens, and/or flashing lights. Alerting devices serve the dual purposes of warning occupants of intrusion, and potentially scaring off burglars. These devices may also be used to warn occupants of a fire or smoke condition. · Keypads: Small devices, typically wall-mounted, which function as the human-machine interface to the system. In addition to buttons, keypads typically feature indicator lights, a small multi-character display, or both. · Interconnections between components. This may consist of direct wiring to the control unit, or wireless links with local power supplies. · Security devices: Devices to detect thieves such as spotlights, cameras & lasers. In addition to the system itself, security alarms are often coupled with a monitoring service. In the event of an alarm, the premises control unit contacts a central monitoring station. Operators at the station see the signal and take appropriate action, such as contacting property owners, notifying police, or dispatching private security forces. Such signals may be transmitted via dedicated alarm circuits, telephone lines, or Internet. Vocabulary security alarm - средство охранной сигнализации detect – обнаруживать, распознавать intrusion [in’tru: ʒ (ə )n]- вторжение; content – содержание inmate - лицо, содержащееся под стражей closed-circuit television surveillance system - система видеонаблюдения inter’face to– согласовываться с access ['æ kses]- доступ self-contained - автономный noisemaker - генератор шума premises security - охрана территории employ – использовать alerting device устройство сигнализации input - информация на входе disarm – снимать с охраны circuit boards – микросхемы enclosure – корпус power supply - блок питания; источник питания disturbance – нарушение, волнение, вмешательство siren [‘sai(ə )rə n]- сирена защита, средство охранной сигнализации, распознавать/обнаруживать, цель, содержимое, доступ, система доступа, варьироваться от…до, keypad - кнопочная панель или консоль human-machine interface - операторская панель, интерфейс «человек-машина» feature – обладать, представлять собой character - символ control unit - командный модуль spotlight - осветительный прожектор notify - оповещать dedicated – специальный
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Solve the crossword
Across 1) a small part of a machine that you press to make it work 2) a connection between two or more people or things 3) happening or done without involving other people, actions, etc. in between 4) to discover or notice something, especially something that is not easy to see, hear, etc 5) he opportunity or right to use something or to see somebody/something 6) the system of wires that is used for supplying electricity to a building or machine 7) telling or showing somebody that something bad or unpleasant may happen in the future so that they can try to avoid it Down 1) using radio, microwaves, etc. (as opposed to wires or cables) to transmit signals 2) insurance against fire, injury, damage, etc. 3) to tell somebody about something, especially something dangerous or unpleasant that is likely to happen, so that they can avoid it 4) made of many different things or parts that are connected; difficult to understand Lesson 2 Part 1 Introduction Air conditioners employ the same operating principles and basic components as your home refrigerator. But instead of cooling just the small, insulated space inside of a refrigerator, an air conditioner cools a room or a whole house. Refrigerators use energy (usually electricity) to transfer heat from the cool interior of the refrigerator to the relatively warm surroundings of your home; likewise, an air conditioner uses energy to transfer heat from the interior of your home to the relatively warm outside environment. Most air conditioning systems have five mechanical components: • a compressor Most central air conditioning units operate by means of a split system That is, they consist of a ‘hot’ side, or the condensing unit—including the condenser, the compressor and the fan—which is situated outside your home, and a ‘cold’ side that is located inside your home where the evaporator is mounted, sometimes as part of a furnace. Air conditioners use chemicals (or chemical refrigerants) that easily convert from gas to liquid and back again. Through the piping the refrigerant flows from one unit to another. It is the refrigerant that absorbs the energy in one unit and releases it in the other.
Principles of Refrigeration - Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas - Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid. For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used repeatedly. For this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area. - The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas. - The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air. - The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve. - The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas. - As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated. Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to the pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system
Vocabulary insulated – изолированный convert from….to - преобразовываться из…в condenser [kə n’densə ]– конденсатор evaporator [i’væ pə reitə ]- испарительный теплообменник refrigerant – хладагент furnace [fз: nis]– обогреватель ext'ract – получать, извлекать blower/ Fan – вентилятор expansion – снижение давления expel – выпускать expansion valve - терморегулирующий вентиль для жидкого хладагента piping - транспортировка по трубопроводу/гидропроводу, сеть трубопроводов, подача по трубам
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Lesson 3 Part 2
Evaporator From the compressor, high-pressure gas is sent to the condenser, where the heat is dissipated and condensed to liquid. The high-pressure liquid flows on to the expansion valve, where it is metered and its pressure is reduced. At the evaporator, the liquid absorbs heat from the air and evaporates to gas. The cycle is then repeated, starting at the compressor. The evaporator works the opposite of the condenser, here refrigerant liquid is converted to gas, absorbing heat from the air in the compartment.
When the liquid refrigerant reaches the evaporator its pressure has been reduced, dissipating its heat content and making it much cooler than the fan air flowing around it. This causes the refrigerant to absorb heat from the warm air and reach its low boiling point rapidly. The refrigerant then vaporizes, absorbing the maximum amount of heat.
This heat is then carried by the refrigerant from the evaporator as a low-pressure gas through a hose or line to the low side of the compressor, where the whole refrigeration cycle is repeated. The evaporator removes heat from the area that is to be cooled. A blower becomes a necessary part of the evaporator in the air conditioning system. The blower fans must not only draw heat-laden air into the evaporator, but must also force this air over the evaporator fins and coils where it surrenders its heat to the refrigerant and then forces the cooled air out of the evaporator into the space being cooled.
This continues over and over and over until the room reaches the temperature you want the room cooled to. The thermostat senses that the temperature has reached the right setting and turns off the air conditioner. As the room warms up, the thermostat turns the air conditioner back on until the room reaches the temperature.
Compressor The purpose of the compressor is to circulate the refrigerant in the system under pressure, this concentrates the heat it contains. At the compressor, the low pressure gas is changed to high pressure gas. This pressure buildup can only be accomplished by having a restriction in the high pressure side of the system. This is a small valve located in the expansion valve. The compressor has reed valves to control the entrance and exit of refrigerant gas during the pumping operation. These must be firmly seated. An improperly seated intake reed valve can result in gas leaking back into the low side during the compression stroke, raising the low side pressure and impairing the cooling effect. A badly seated discharge reed valve can allow condensing or head pressure to drop as it leaks past the valve, lowering the efficiency of the compressor. Two service valves are located near the compressor as an aid in servicing the system. One services the high side, it is quickly identified by the smaller discharge hose routed to the condenser. One is used for the low side, the low side comes from the evaporator, and is larger than the discharge hose. The compressor is normally belt-driven from the engine crankshaft. Most manufacturers use a magnetic-type clutch which provides a means of stopping the pumping of the compressor when refrigeration is not desired. Vocabulary dissipate –рассеиваться, meter – дозировать hose – гибкая трубка, шланг laden [‘leidə n]- содержащий большое количество fin – пластина, лопость evaporator coil - испарительный спиральный трубопровод surrender - передавать coil – спираль, змеевик buildup – накопление, повышение, увеличение, образование setting – установка, атмосфера, обстановка reed valve -пластинчатый клапан stroke – удар, ход, толчок impair – ослаблять, ухудшать, уменьшать intake valve – впускной клапан discharge valve – выпускной клапан route – направлять, проходить crankshaft - коленчатый вал belt-driven - с ремённым приводом clutch – муфта, рычаг управления муфтой сцепления, замковое соединение
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Correct the mistakes tern on, entranse, dischage valwe, rise, boilin point, turn of, vaporaise, amaunt, purpuse, contein, restrikteon, inteik valve, ekzit, furmly, impare Exercise 5 Lesson 4 Part 3 Compressor Relief Valve Some compressors have a relief valve for regulating pressure. If the system discharge pressure exceeds rated pressure, the valve will open automatically and stay open until the pressure drops. The valve will then close automatically.
Compressor Noise Complaints Many noise complaints can be traced to the compressor mount and drive. If a unit is noisy at one speed and quiet at another, it is not compressor noise. Many times this kind of noise can be eliminated or greatly reduced by changing the belt adjustment. Usually tightening mounts, adding idlers, or changing belt adjustment and length are more successful in removing or reducing this type of noise, than replacing the compressor. Noises from the clutch are difficult to recognize because the clutch is so close to the compressor. A loose bolt holding the clutch to the shaft will make a lot of noise. The difference, between suction pressure and discharge pressure, also plays an important part on sound level. A compressor with low suction pressure will be more noisy than one with a higher pressure. Consider whether the system is properly charged, whether the expansion valve is feeding properly to use the evaporator efficiently, and whether enough air is being fed over the evaporator coil. Air Conditioner Filters The most important maintenance task that will ensure the efficiency of your air conditioner is to routinely replace or clean its filters. Clogged, dirty filters block normal airflow and reduce a system’s efficiency significantly. With normal airflow obstructed, air that bypasses the filter may carry dirt directly into the evaporator coil and impair the coil’s heat-absorbing capacity. Filters are located somewhere along the return duct’s length. Common filter locations are in walls, ceilings, furnaces, or in the air conditioner itself. Some types of filters are reusable; others must be replaced. They are available in a variety of types and efficiencies. Clean or replace your air conditioning system’s filter or filters every month or two during the cooling season. Filters may need more frequent attention if the air conditioner is in constant use, is subjected to dusty conditions, or you have fur-bearing pets in the house. If you use a disposable type filter, it’s always wise to keep several spares inside the house. Vocabulary relief valve – спускной клапан, клапан сброса давления discharge pressure - давление на выходе mount – детали крепления, опора, установочное приспособление, зажим, крепление, idler - поддерживающий ролик, промежуточная шестерня, холостой шкив или блок shaft – вал, привод, ось, suction pressure - давление на входе в насос reusable [, ri: ’ju: z(ə )bə l]- многоразовый duct – трубка, проход, канал return duct – обратный канал
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Answer the questions 1) Why do some compressors have a relief valve? 2) How does a relief valve work? 3) Why are noises from the clutch difficult to recognize? 4) What can reduce the efficiency of an air conditioner? 5) What kinds of filters do you know? 6) How often should we clean or replace our air conditioning system’s filter?
Exercise 5 Lesson 5 Clothes washing machines Part 1
If there's one household appliance most of us simply could not do without, it's the clothes washer. If you've ever been without your machine for a few days or weeks, you'll know just how hard it is to wash clothes by hand. Although clothes washers look pretty straightforward, they pull off a really clever trick: with the help of detergents, they separate the dirt from your clothes and then rinse it away. But how exactly do they work?
Vocabulary Detergent – моющее средство rinse – полоскать soap suds – мыльная пена slosh – заливать, полоскать, шлепать paddle – плескаться, лопасть, lid – крышка, люк, заслонка agitator – смеситель, мешалка
Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Answer the questions 1) What is the main difference between inner and outer drums? 2) What parts does a washing machine consist of? 3) What is the basic idea of a clothes washer? 4) How many pipes does a clothes washer have? 5) What is a washing machine? Give a definition to a clothes washer with your own words.
Lesson 6 Clothes washing machines Part 2
The washing machine program All the important parts of the clothes washer are electrically controlled, including the inner drum, the valves, the pump, and the heating element. The programmer is like the conductor of an orchestra, switching these things on and off in a sensible sequence that goes something like this: You put your clothes in the machine and detergent either in the machine itself or in a tray up above. You set the program you want and switch on the power. The programmer opens the water valves so hot and cold water enter the machine and fill up the outer and inner drums. The water usually enters at the top and trickles down through the detergent tray, washing any soap there into the machine. Популярное:
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