Match the words to their definitions.

1) engine 2) fuel 3) failure 4) ability 5) device 6) manufacture 7) accomplish

a) Material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to produce heat or power b) Possession of the means or skill to do something c) A machine with moving parts that converts power into motion d) The action or state of not functioning e) To succeed in doing or completing something f) To make goods in large quantities, using machinery g) An object or a piece of equipment that has been designed to do a particular job

Exercise 4

Match the synonyms. Sometimes there are more than two synonyms.

Fluidic, data, gadget, failure, liquid, get, refrigeration, identification, demand, achieve, hydraulic, device, equipment, manufacture, production, accomplish, information, obtain, error, cooling, require, recognition

Lesson 2

What is Mechanical Engineering?

Part 2

To put it simply, mechanical engineering deals with anything that moves, including the human body, a very complex machine. Mechanical engineers learn about materials, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, heat transfer, control, instrumentation, design, and manufacturing to understand mechanical systems. Specialized mechanical engineering subjects includebiomechanics, cartilage-tissue engineering, energy conversion, laser-assisted materials processing, combustion, MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems), microfluidic devices, fracture mechanics, nanomechanics, mechanisms, micropower generation, tribology (friction and wear), and vibrations. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) currently lists 36 technical divisions, from advanced energy systems and aerospace engineering to solid-waste engineering and textile engineering.

The breadth of the mechanical engineering discipline allows students a variety of career options beyond some of the industries listed above. Regardless of the particular path they envision for themselves after they graduate, their education will provide them with the creative thinking that allows them to design an exciting product or system, the analytical tools to achieve their design goals, the ability to overcome all constraints, and the teamwork needed to design, market, and produce a system. These valuable skills could also launch a career in medicine, law, consulting, management, banking, finance, and so on.

For those interested in applied scientific and mathematical aspects of the discipline, graduate study in mechanical engineering can lead to a career of research and teaching.

Vocabulary

solid mechanics - механика твёрдого тела

heat transfer - теплообмен

instrumentation - приборостроение

cartilage-tissue – хрящевые ткани [‘ka: tilidʒ ]

combustion - возгорание

fracture mechanics - механика гидроразрыва

friction - трение

wear - износ

tribology [trai’bolə dʒ i]– трибология (наука о трении)

regardless of - независимо от

envision – рассчитывать на что-то, предусматривать,

constraint – трудность

launch – [lɔ: ntʃ ] – начинать, запускать,

applied – прикладной

research – исследование, исследовать

Exercise 1

Find Russian equivalents to the following words in the text. Learn them by heart.

Иметь дело с/рассматривать, твердый, передача, включать, преобразование, обработка, трение, износ, обеспечить чем-то, достигать/добиваться, цель, начинать/запускать, привести к, исследование

Exercise 2

Make the underlined sentences negative and interrogative. Use grammar references.

Exercise 3

Ask special questions to the sentence in bold. Use grammar references.

Exercise 4

Match the antonyms.

Soft, launch, solid, aim, be part of sth, achieve, tool, give up, finish, include

Exercise 5

Make up sentences from the words below

1) deals, numbers, figures, mathematics, with, formulas, and, geometric

2) must, hard, to, I, my, achieve, work, goal

3) launched, product, this, a, market, new, into, company, the

4) library, all, provides, books, school, its, the, students, with, necessary

Lesson 3

Engine

Part 1

An engine, or motor, is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat engines, including internal combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam engines) burn fuel to create heat, which then creates a force. Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed air and others—such as clockwork motors in wind-up toys—use elastic energy. In biological systems, molecular motors, like myosins in muscles, use chemical energy to create forces and eventually motion.

" Engine" was originally a term for any mechanical device that converts force into motion. Hence, pre-industrial weapons such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams were called " siege engines". The word " gin, " as in " cotton gin", is short for " engine." The word derives from Old French engin, from the Latin ingenium, which is also the root of the word ingenious. Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example.

In modern usage, the term engine typically describes devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, that burn or otherwise consume fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a torque or linear force (usually in the form of thrust). Examples of engines which exert a torque include the familiar automobile gasoline and diesel engines, as well as turboshafts. Examples of engines which produce thrust include turbofans and rockets.

Vocabulary

internal – внутренний

external – внешний

force - сила

eventually – [i’ventʃ ʊ (ə )li] - в конечном счёте; в итоге

hence – следовательно, отсюда, стало быть

steam – пар

pneumatic [nju: ’mæ tik]– пневматический

wind-up toy – заводная игрушка

myosin – миозин (белок мышц)

trebuchet – [‘trebjʊ ʃ ə t] - фрондибола

battering ram - таран

siege engine - осадное орудие [si: dʒ ]

cotton gin - хлопкоочистительная машина

ingenious – [in’dʒ i: niə s] - хитроумный, изобретательный

exert – [ig’zɜ: t] – прилагать, развивать, создавать, вызывать

torque – [tɔ: k] – крутящий момент

thrust – [θ rʌ st] – толчок, удар, импульс

turboshafts – [‘tɜ: bə ʊ ʃ a: ft] - газотурбинный вспомогательный двигатель

turbofan – турбовентиляторный двигатель

Exercise 1

Find Russian equivalents to the following words in the text. Learn them by heart.

Преобразовывать, энергия, тепловой двигатель, двигатель внутреннего сгорания, двигатель внешнего сгорания, паровой двигатель, сила, пневматический, сжатый, заводной, изобрести, потреблять, выполнять, прилагать, производить, бензин.

Exercise 2

Make the underlined sentences negative and interrogative. Use grammar references.

Exercise 3

Put these sentences into the Passive Voice. Use grammar references.

1) Pneumatic motors use compressed air.

2) The devices, like steam engines and internal combustion engines, consume fuel to perform mechanical work.

3) Heat engines burn fuel to create heat.

4) Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical motion

Find sentences with verbs in Passive Voice in the text.

Exercise 4

Match the synonyms. There can be more than two synonyms.

Convert, perform, exert, gasoline, steam, produce, diesel, compressed, apply, change, petroleum, energy, do, force, power, make, squeezed, fuel, gas

Exercise 5

Solve the puzzle. Find words from the first exercise. You can link letters vertically and horizontally in any directions. Don’t use one and the same letter twice.

o	f	e	d	c	o	p	r	o	d
r	c	s	m	o	n	i	i	c	u
i	e	s	p	c	v	n	t	a	c
n	p	e	r	r	e	v	u	m	e
t	u	a	g	t	n	e	e	n	p
e	d	s	o	l	t	c	o	n	s
r	n	i	w	i	n	e	e	m	u
n	a	l	c	o	m	s	t	n	e
h	t	e	i	n	b	u	i	o	n
e	a	n	g	e		e	n	i	g

Lesson 4

Engine

Part 2

When the internal combustion engine was invented, the term " motor" was initially used to distinguish it from the steam engine—which was in wide use at the time, powering locomotives and other vehicles such as steam rollers. " Motor" and " engine" later came to be used interchangeably in casual discourse. However, technically, the two words have different meanings. An engine is a device that burns or otherwise consumes fuel, changing its chemical composition, whereas a motor is a device driven by electricity, which does not change the chemical composition of its energy source.

A heat engine may also serve as a prime mover—a component that transforms the flow or changes in pressure of a fluid into mechanical energy. An automobile powered by an internal combustion engine may make use of various motors and pumps, but ultimately all such devices derive their power from the engine. Another way of looking at it is that a motor receives power from an external source, and then converts it into mechanical energy, while an engine creates power from pressure (derived directly from the explosive force of combustion or other chemical reaction, or secondarily from the action of some such force on other substances such as air, water, or steam).

Devices converting heat energy into motion are commonly referred to simply as engines.

Vocabulary

Initially – первоначально

steam roller - асфальтоукладчик

interchangeably - взаимозаменяемо

whereas – [we(ə )’ræ z] - в то время как в свою очередь

prime mover – источник энергии

pump – насос

ultimately – [‘ʌ ltimitli] - в конечном счёте;

explosive – взрывчатый, зарядный

secondarily - во вторую очередь, вторично

substance – [‘sʌ bstə ns]

Exercise 1

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