Субъектный инфинитивный оборот (Complex Subject).

Example: We find it necessary to repeat the experiment. (формальное дополнение) – Мы считаем необходимым повторить этот эксперимент.

1. It was in 1869 that Mendeleyev published his Periodic Table.

2. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy.

3. This is a complex problem, but we can solve it.

4. It is evident that electricity will be the energy of the future.

5. It is our future specialty, but we do not know much about it at present.

Example: One should be very careful. – Нужно быть очень осторожным.

1. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.

2. One may work in this laboratory only observing certain rules.

3. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones.

4. One of the wonderful applications of electronics is radar.

Example: This material ( to have ) many valuable qualities. – This material has many valuable qualities. – Этот материал имеет много ценных свойств.

1. A good conductor ( to have ) many free electrons.

2. The duration of the pulse ( to have ) to be approximately a thousand-millionth of a second.

3. The Internet ( to be )composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks called internets.

4. They ( to be ) to prepare everything for the experiment.

5.Scientists ( to do ) a lot of research recently.

6. ( to do ) semiconductors conduct electric current worse than metals?

VI. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: To solve the problem is very important. Решить эту проблему – очень важно.

1. The problems to be solved are of great importance.

2. To make this experiment you should use the new device.

3. They seem to have made a mistake in their measurements.

4. To study this phenomenon requires much knowledge.

VII. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребив субъектный инфинитивный оборот. Напишите их и переведите на русский язык.

Example: It is expected that the experiment will be over soon. – The experiment is expected to be over soon. – Предполагают, что эксперимент скоро закончится.

1. It is reported that the research has been carried out successfully.

2. It is said that optical technology is cost-effective and versatile.

3. It was thought that the chemicals convey important information to the brain.

4. It is expected that the new method will appear in future.

Работа над текстом

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Integrated Circuits (1)

1. Integrated circuits were made possible by experimental discoveries which showed that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes, and by mid-20^th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using discrete electronic components. The integrated circuit’s mass production capability, reliability, and building-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized ICs in place of designs using discrete transistors.

2. There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed a transistor at a time. Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power, because the components are small and close together. Chip areas range from a few square mm to around 250 mm², with up to 1 million transistors per mm².

3. Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, which control everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital memory chips are another family of integrated circuits that is crucially important to the modern information society. While the cost of designing and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, when spread across typically millions of production units the individual IC cost is minimized. The performance of ICs is high because the small size allows short traces which in turn allows low power logic (such as CMOS) to be used at fast switching speeds.

4. ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip. This increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionality of Moore’s law. In general, as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves—the cost per unit and the switching power consumption go down, and the speed goes up.

5. Only a half century after their development was initiated, integrated circuits have become commonly used. Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies. That is, modern computing, communications, manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet, all depend on the existence of integrated circuits. Indeed, many scholars believe that the digital revolution brought about by integrated circuits was one of the most significant occurrences in the history of mankind.

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