IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, к какому типу условного предложения относится каждое из них. Переведите письменно предложение.

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Example: Ice will turn into water if you heat it. – Условное предложение I типа. – Лед превратится в воду, если его нагревать.

1. If a solid body or a liquid is heated, it will usually expand.

2. If the Earth were as hot as Venus, the oceans would vapour.

3. Marconi wouldn’t have succeeded to transmit his first transoceanic message if he had attempted to transmit an entire sentence.

Работа над текстом

I. Прочитайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание. Выполните задания после текста.

CAD

1. Designers have long used computers for their calculations. Initial developments were carried out in the 1960s within the aircraft and automotive industries in the area of 3D surface construction and NC programming, most of it independent of one another and often not publicly published until much later.

It is argued that a turning point was the development of SKETCHPAD system in 1963 by Ivan Sutherland.

The distinctive feature of SKETCHPAD was that it allowed the designer to interact with computer graphically: the design can be fed into the computer by drawing on a CRT monitor with a light pen. Effectively, it was a prototype of graphical user interface, an indispensable feature of modern CAD.

2. First commercial applications of CAD were in large companies in the automotive and aerospace industries, as well as in electronics. Only large corporations could afford the computers capable of performing the calculations.

The most influential event in the development of CAD was the founding of MCS (Manufacturing and Consulting Services Inc.) in 1971 by Dr. P. J. Hanratty, who wrote the system ADAM (Automated Drafting And Machining)

3. As computers became more affordable, the application areas have gradually expanded. The development of CAD software for personal desk-top computers was the impetus for almost universal application in all areas of construction.

Other key points in the 1960s and 1970s would be the foundation of CAD systems United Computing, Intergraph, IBM in 1974.

CAD implementations have evolved dramatically since then. Initially, with 2D in the 1970s, it was typically limited to producing drawings similar to hand-drafted drawings.

4. The 1980s’ advances in programming and computer hardware have allowed more versatile applications of computers in design activities. Starting the late 1980s, the development of readily affordable CAD programs that could be run on personal computers began a trend of massive downsizing in drafting departments in many small to mid-size companies. As a general rule, one CAD operator could readily replace at least four or five drafters using traditional methods. Additionally, many engineers began to do their own drafting work, further eliminating the need for traditional drafting departments. This trend mirrored that of the elimination of many office jobs traditionally performed by a secretary as word processors, spreadsheets, databases, etc. became standard software packages that " everyone" was expected to learn.

Today CAD is not limited to drafting and rendering, and it ventures into many more " intellectual" areas of a designer's expertise. Computer aided design is used in many businesses and organizations around the world.

Notes:

indispensable	неотъемлемый
commercial	общепризнанный
perform	выполнять
implantation	реализация, внедрение
draft	проект, чертеж
eliminate	устранять (ошибки), удалять
CAD (computer-aided design)	компьютерное проектирование
3D (3-dimentional)	трехмерный
downsizing	сокращение штатов

II. Укажите какие из данных утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста.

1. The developments in the area of 3D surface construction and NC programming were carried out in the late 1970s.

2. SKETCH PAD system allowed the designer to interact with computer graphically.

3. The computer applications have been continuously expanding.

4. Today CAD tasks are multipurpose.

5. Computer aided design is used only in some spheres of our life.

III. Выберите правильные ответы на вопросы.

1. What tasks did SKETCH PAD allow designers to fulfill?

a) Computer graphics.

b) Computer calculations.

c) Commercial operations.

2. What was the impetus for a universal application of computers?

a) SKETCH PAD.

b) ADAM.

c) CAD software.

3. Where is CAD used today?

a) In businesses and organizations.

b) In IBM.

c) In drafting departments.

IV. Прочитайте предложения. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.

1. Designers have long used computers for their calculations.

a) Проектировщики давно используют компьютеры для вычислений.

b) Проектировщики долго используют компьютеры для вычислений.

c) Проектировщики давно использовали компьютеры для вычислений.

2. The design can be fed into the computer by drawing on a CRT monitor with a light pen.

a) Начертив проект на экране монитора световым карандашом, можно ввести его в компьютер.

b) Проект можно ввести в компьютер, начертив его световым карандашом на экране монитора.

c) Чертеж можно внести в компьютер, начертив его легким маркером на экране монитора.

3. The development of CAD software for personal desk-top computers was the impetus for almost universal application.

a) Развитие программ компьютерного проектирования для персональных компьютеров явилось толчком для почти всемирного применения.

b) Создание программ компьютерного проектированная для десктопов подтолкнуло их универсальное применение.

c) Развработка программ компьютерного проектирования для персональных компьютеров послужило началом их почти универсального применения.

V. Переведите письменно абзацы 3 – 4 текста.

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, является ли подчеркнутая форма инфинитивом, причастием или герундием. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.

Example: The falling water has kinetic energy. Falling – Причастие I. Падающая вода обладает кинетической энергией.

1. Heat is a form of energy, that is, it is capable of doing work.

2. Early computers using vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds.

3. The process to be treated subsequently in more detail is known as ionization.

4. You should have changed the current strength at all points of the circuit.

II. Раскройте скобки, используя Participle I или Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: ( Heat ) magnet loses some of its magnetism. – Heated magnet loses some of its magnetism.

1. The first transistor ( develop ) was junction transistor.

2. The transistor is a semiconductor triode ( possess ) the characteristics as thermionic triodes.

3. Computer components ( produce ) should be very clean.

4. Crystal valves ( use ) silicon crystals were found to be more efficient for the very high frequency signals.

III. Перефразируйте данные сложные предложения, употребив независимый причастный оборот. Переведите письменно полученные предложения.

Example: As the weather was fine, we went for a walk. – The weather being fine, we went for a walk. – Так как погода была хорошая, мы пошли гулять.

1. As the quantity of kinetic energy depends on its mass and velocity, any moving object can do work.

2. Since the method of preparation is the best of the methods described, we used it in our work.

3. When reports were generated and files updated, new tapes were made.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, к какому типу условного предложения относится каждое из них. Переведите письменно предложение.

Example: Ice will turn into water if you heat it. – Условное предложение I типа. – Лед превратится в воду, если его нагревать.

1. The measurements will be correct if the necessary instruments are used.

2. If you applied your theoretical knowledge to your work, it would lead to better results.

3. If the transistor hadn’t been developed, it would have been possible to produce integrated circuits.

Работа над текстом

II. Прочитайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание. Выполните задания после текста.

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