Билет 10. The use of force - williams

Билет 1.

1) syntactical features of the text (sentence length, syntactical patterns etc.) and the effect they produce.

2) for a bill to be passed by parliament it is necessary to have the royal assent. what other formal functions is a british monarch supposed to perform? (+5 билет про семью)

Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom.

In a monarchy, a king or queen is Head of State. The British monarchy is known as aconstitutional monarchy. This means that, while The Sovereign is Head of State, the ability to make and pass legislation resides with an elected Parliament.

Although the British Sovereign no longer has a political or executive role, he or she continues to play an important part in the life of the nation.

As Head of State, The Monarch undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history. In addition to these State duties, The Monarch has a less formal role as 'Head of Nation'. The Sovereign acts as a focus for national identity, unity and pride; gives a sense of stability and continuity; officially recognises success and excellence; and supports the ideal of voluntary service.

In all these roles The Sovereign is supported by members of their immediate family.
The Queen's role:
http: //www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Howthe…
The British Sovereign can be seen as having two roles: Head of State, and 'Head of the Nation'.
As Head of State, The Queen undertakes constitutional and representational duties which have developed over one thousand years of history.
There are inward duties, with The Queen playing a part in State functions in Britain. Parliament must be opened, Orders in Council have to be approved, Acts of Parliament must be signed, and meetings with the Prime Minister must be held.
There are also outward duties of State, when The Queen represents Britain to the rest of the world. For example, The Queen receives foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, entertains visiting Heads of State, and makes State visits overseas to other countries, in support of diplomatic and economic relations.As 'Head of Nation', The Queen's role is less formal, but no less important for the social and cultural functions it fulfils.
These include: providing a focus for national identity, unity and pride; giving a sense of stability and continuity; recognising success, achievement and excellence; and supporting service to others, particularly through public service and the voluntary sector.
These roles are performed through different types of engagement.
By means of regular visits through every part of the United Kingdom, The Queen is able to act as a focus for national unity and identity.

Билет 2.

1) What cause is the author of the text trying to make? Speak of the major language techniques he uses.

2) The author of the text refers to skills in writing. Are writing skills universal or are they different when you write in different languages (Russian and English)

Хз вообще, что это, потом подумаю.

Билет 3.

1) trace the features of spoken English and its effects on the overall impact of the text.

2) what kind of secondary schools in the UK/the US do you know

BRITAIN

Age	Year	Curriculum stage	Schools
3-4	Nursery	Foundation Stage	Nursery school
4-5	Reception	Infant school	Primary school	First school
5-6	Year 1	Key Stage 1
6-7	Year 2
7-8	Year 3	Key Stage 2	Junior school
8-9	Year 4
9-10	Year 5	Middle school
10-11	Year 6
11-12	Year 7	Key Stage 3	Secondary school	Secondary school with sixth form
12-13	Year 8
13-14	Year 9	Upper school or High school
14-15	Year 10	Key Stage 4 / GCSE
15-16	Year 11
16-17	Year 12 (Lower Sixth)	Sixth form / International Baccalaureate or A level	College/Sixth Form
17-18	Year 13 (Upper Sixth)

Secondary schools(5 - 16 year olds)
Secondary schools provide compulsory education for children between the ages of eleven and sixteen in England and Wales. Children may stay on at school until the age of eighteen in order to pursue further studies, however this is not compulsory.

From the ages of fourteen to sixteen, pupils study for the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE).

Pupils who stay on at school from the ages of sixteen to eighteen in England, may take the Advanced (A) level examination, which traditionally is required for entry into higher education.

English secondary schools are mostly comprehensive, except in a few areas that retain a form of the previous selective system, with students selected for grammar school by the eleven plus exam. There are also a number of isolated fully selective grammar schools, and a few dozen partially selective schools. Specialist schools may also select up to 10% of their intake for aptitude in the specialism, though relatively few of them have taken up this option. Also, intakes of comprehensive schools can vary widely, especially in urban areas with several schools.

Chief Schools Adjudicator has argued that English schools can be divided into 8 types (with some overlap) based on the ability range of their intake:

1. " super-selective": almost all of the intake from the top 10%. These are the few highly selective grammar schools that dominate school performance tables.

2. " selective" grammar schools: almost all of the intake from the top 25%.

3. " comprehensive (plus)": admit children of all abilities, but concentrated in the top 50%. These include partially selective schools and a few high-status faith schools (связанные с религиозными организациями) in areas without selection.

4. comprehensive: intake with an ability distribution matching the population. These schools are most common in rural areas and small towns with no nearby selection, but a few occur in urban areas.

5. " comprehensive (minus)": admit children of all abilities, but with few in the top 25%. These include comprehensive schools with nearby selective schools " skimming" the intake.

6. secondary modern: a type of secondary school that existed in most of the United Kingdom from 1944 until the early 1970s and was designed for the majority of pupils - those who do not achieve scores in the top 25% of the eleven plus examination. They were replaced in most of the UK by the comprehensive school system and now remain in place mainly in Northern Ireland, where they are usually referred to simply as Secondary schools, and in some parts of England.

7. " secondary modern (minus)": no pupils in the top 25% and 10–15% in the next 25%. These schools are most common in urban areas where alternatives of types 1–5 are available.

8. " sub-secondary modern": intake heavily weighted toward the low end of the ability range.

This ranking is reflected in performance tables, and thus the schools' attractiveness to parents.

THE USA

Secondary school

Upon completion of fifth grade (the last year of primary school), American children enrolled in the American education system advance to secondary school. Secondary school most commonly consists of a total of seven years, referred to as sixth through twelfth grades. The ninth through twelfth grades are most commonly referred to as high school. Upon completion of twelfth grade, American students are awarded a certificate called the high school diploma. In the American education system, students must have obtained a high school diploma before they are admitted into college or university. Foreign students who would like to attend an American college or university must have completed coursework that is equivalent to what is taught at an American high school. Foreign students who would like to attend an American high school, need to consider how the high school they select will give them access to the best colleges.

Each state has an educational administration, not subject to federal control, and the state authorities lay down general principles concerning the organisation of schools and such matters as the ages of compulsory education

Most children attend mixed schools, with boys and girls together all through the school time up to the age of eighteen, though there are a few separate schools for the older pupils. Education in nearly all parts of the United States is comprehensive. Distinctions within the educational system are based in part on the use of private institutions by the few who can pay for them, and, more important, on the different social characteristics of the areas in which schools are placed. Racial factors may be involved, although segregation has been formally abandoned.

Elementary education begins at the age of six. At this stage four-fifths of all the teachers are women, mostly married. The atmosphere is usually very friendly, and the teachers have for a long time now-accepted the idea that the important thing is to make the children happy and interested. The emphasis is on cooperation rather than competition throughout most of this process. This may seem curious, in view of the general idea that American society is highly competitive, but the need for making people sociable in this sense has come to be regarded as one of the main functions of education. Schools are used to build up a sense of Americanness.

Although there is so much diversity in the control and organisation of schools, everyone knows what is meant by first grade, second grade and twelfth grade, with one grade for each year. The teaching profession is not quite so simply arranged. It may he difficult for a teacher to get his or her qualifications from one state recognised in another state, as each state has its own arrangements for training teachers. Teachers for the younger children have often been trained in schools of education from the age of eighteen; senior teachers have normally completed university degrees, with teacher-training forming part of the university curriculum at the later stages.

Secondary education is in one or two stages. From the age of eleven or twelve to eighteen the term 'high school' is generally used, though the first three years of this are called junior high school and the senior classes are called senior high school. Some universities are very selective in their admission, while others will admit any students provided that they have passed through all of the high school courses up to the final or twelfth grade, even if they have obtained rather low minimum pass marks in their high school courses.

One of the characteristics of high school education is its great breadth. Pupils do not specialise in any particular direction, and take classes in all kinds of subjects all through the high school period. There are a few expensive private schools but there is no significant tradition of privileged or prestigious private education below the level of the university.

Билет 4.

1) main communicative function of the genre/ what expository techniques are used in the text (patterns of exposition)?

2) set phrases/idioms with adjectives from countries

be Greek to someone - to be completely unintelligible to someone;	быть совершенно непонятным, нечитаемым, бессмысленным для кого-то;
Black Russian - a cocktail made from coffee liqueur and vodka;	коктейль, приготовленный из кофейного ликера и водки;
double Dutch - completely unintelligible language, especially technical jargon;	абсолютно непонятный язык, особенно профессиональный жаргон;
French leave - departure without goodbye, notice or permission;	уход по-французски - уход без прощания, предупреждения или разрешения;
go Dutch - to pay for oneself (in a restaurant, movie theater, etc.); to split the bill in a restaurant between everyone who ate together. ‘Sally said she wouldn’t let a man pay for her meal on a first date. She prefers to go Dutch.’	платить каждый за себя (в ресторане, кинотеатре и т.д.);
Indian summer - a period of warm weather in autumn;	бабье лето - период теплой погоды осенью;
in plain English - in simple, understandable language;	проще говоря; говоря простым и понятным (английским) языком;
Pardon my French - a phrase used as apology for vulgar or obscene language;	Извиняюсь за выражение - фраза-извинение за вульгарное или непристойное выражение;

Dutch courage – drinking a little alcohol to give you courage (bravery/confidence) before you have to do something.

‘I think I’ll have a glass of whiskey for Dutch courage before I ask that girl if she wants to dance with me.’

Chinese whispers – This expression originally comes from a children’s game. It is often used as a metaphor for mistakes and inaccurate information which comes from rumours or gossip.

‘All this talk about the President resigning is just Chinese whispers. There’s no truth to this rumour at all, ’

A Mexican Standoff –This is expression is used when two groups can not agree on what to do next. Often used to describe a situation in business where there is gridlock.

‘There seems to be a Mexican standoff in the talks as neither the buyer or seller can agree on a price.’

A Young Turk – used to describe a young rebel who is part of a group/organization and can’t be controlled.
'I was a bit of a young Turk in the past, but I’ve calmed down a lot nowadays.’

Slow boat to china: This describes something that is very slow and takes a long period.

Scotch mist: This is something not existing and only imagined.

Like Chinese arithmetic: This phrase refers something that is very complicated to understand.

Perfidious Albion: This means not trustworthy.

Good Samaritan: A person who is really helpful.

Билет 5.

1) elements in the text that are not purely informative. what purpose do they serve?

2) the text makes several references to the royal family. speak on the role of british monarchy today and the way the british feel about having a living monarchy.

Смотрим первый вопрос еще.

Members of the Royal Family support The Queen in her many State and national duties, as well as carrying out important work in the areas of public and charitable service, and helping to strengthen national unity and stability.

Those who undertake official duties are members of The Queen's close family: her children and their spouses, and The Queen's cousins (the children of King George VI's brothers) and their spouses.

Younger members of the Royal Family who are presently in education or military training - such as Prince William and Prince Harry - do not undertake official duties full-time, but often play a role in important national events and commemorations.

Every year the Royal Family as a whole carries out over 2, 000 official engagements throughout the UK and worldwide.

These engagements may include official State responsibilities. Members of the Royal Family often carry out official duties in the UK and abroad where The Queen cannot be present in person. The Prince of Wales and The Princess Royal, for example, may present members of the public with their honours at an Investiture.

When official events such as receptions, State banquets and garden parties are held, the Royal Family supports The Queen in making her guests welcome.

Members of the Royal Family also often represent The Queen and the nation in Commonwealth or other countries, at events such as State funerals or national festivities, or through longer visits to strengthen Britain's diplomatic and economic relations.

The Royal Family also plays an important role in supporting and encouraging the public and charity sectors. About 3, 000 organisations list a member of the Royal Family as patron or president.

The huge range of these organisations - covering every subject from education to the environment, hospitals to housing - allows members of the Royal Family to meet people from a wide spectrum of national and local life, and to understand their interests, problems and concerns.

2, 000: the number of official engagements carried out by the Royal Family each year in the UK and overseas.

70, 000: the number of people entertained each year to dinners, lunches, receptions and garden parties at the Royal residences.

100, 000: the number of letters received and answered each year by the Royal Family.

Some members of the Royal Family have also established their own charities - for example, The Prince's Trust, The Duke of Edinburgh's Award Scheme and The Princess Royal Trust for Carers, a charity which provides advice and support for people acting as carers.

The Royal Family also plays an important role in recognising and supporting the work of the Armed Services. Members of the Royal Family have official relationships with many units of the Forces, paying regular visits to soldiers, sailors and airmen serving at home and abroad.

Finally, the Royal Family as a whole plays a role in strengthening national unity. Members of the Royal Family are able to recognise and participate in community and local events in every part of the UK, from the opening of new buildings to celebrations or acts of commemoration.

The Queen working by herself would be unable to attend every engagement to which she is invited. Members of the Royal Family can undertake local or specialist engagements which would otherwise have to be declined.

Билет6.

1) determine the character of the relationships between the sender and the receiver and the purpose of the text.

2) how conscious do you think the british are about the table etiquette? what do you know about the eating habits of the british?

Eating is inseparable element of life. But in many countries it's something more than just appeasing energetic demands. It's part of culture, developed by many hundred years old tradition. That's why we have so many different eating habits and kitchen in different countries. Influenced by climate conditions and affected by richness of natural resources, they achieve nowadays appearance.

A traditional English breakfast was a very big meal - sausages, bacon, eggs, tomatoes, mushrooms… But nowadays many people just have cereal with milk and sugar, or toast with marmalade, jam, or honey. Marmalade and jam are not the same! Marmalade is made from oranges. Jam is made from other fruit. The traditional breakfast drink is tea. Some people have coffee, often instant coffee. Many visitors to Britain find this coffee disgusting!
For many people lunch is a quick meal. In cities there are a lot of sandwich bars. Pubs often serve good, cheap food, both hot and cold. School - children can have a hot meal at school, but many just take a snack from home - a sandwich, a drink, some fruit. ‘Tea’ means two things. It is a drink and a meal! Some people have afternoon tea, with sandwiches, cakes. Cream yeas are popular.
The evening meal is the main meal of the day for many people. They usually have it quite early, between 6. 00 and 8. 00, and often the whole family eats together.
On Sundays many families have a traditional lunch. They have roast meat, either beef, lamb, chicken, or pork, with potatoes, vegetables, and gravy. Gravy is a sauce made from the meat juices.
The British like food from other countries, too, especially Italian, French, Chinese, and Indian. People often get take - away meals - you buy the food at the restaurant and then bring it home to eat. Eating in Britain is quite international.

Билет 7.

1) dominant prose system in the text, the way the author makes use of it to get across his message to the reader.

2) an American equivalent of prison, other british-american equivalents.

Prison a building where people are kept as a punishment for a crime, or while they are waiting to go to court for their trial synonym jail

Jail a place where criminals are kept as part of their punishment, or where people who have been charged with a crime are kept before they are judged in a law court

В Лонгмане не указывается, что это американ инглиш. Но видимо он и есть.

И дальше идет сноска: Gaol – a British spelling of jail. Читается тоже джейл, но пишется так.

Part 1 UK-US - Cars and Driving: UK US car park parking lot drink-driving drunk driving driving licence driver's license flat battery dead battery hire car rental car lorry truck motorway freeway (Western U.S.) expressway (Eastern U.S.) number plate license plate petrol gasoline gas zebra crossing crosswalk

Part 2 UK-US - Food: UK US biscuit cookie chips french fries conserves preserves crisps potato chips mince ground meat hamburger porridge oatmeal pudding dessert tinned canned

Part 3 UK-US - Others: UK US antenatal prenatal anticlockwise counterclockwise at hand (meaning to hand readily available) autumn fall (" autumn" is used, but only in formal or poetic language) baggage reclaim baggage claim (airport) bill check (restaurant) bin liner trash bag bookings reservations (verb - to book) (verb - to reserve as in restaurant, hotel) botanic garden botanical garden charity non-profit organization not-for-profit cheap inexpensive (not necessarily in a negative light) chemists pharmacy, drug store cinema movie theater, theater coach (railway) car (railroad) engaged (as in telephone)busy flat apartment football soccer full stop (punctuation) period gents men's room headmaster principal hire (hire a car) rent (rent a car) holiday vacation hoover (noun and verb) vacuum (noun and verb) vacuum cleaner (noun) ill sick in hospital in the hospital lift elevator lorry truck maths math mobile (phone) cell (phone) mum mom nappies diapers post mail pram baby carriage queue line (noun as in " bus queue" verb as in " queue up" ) railway railroad return round trip (as in round trip ticket) rucksack backpack sack (verb - from fire employment) sport sports solicitor lawyer attorney " sorry" " excuse me", " pardon me" stand (for election) run (for election) starters appetizers swear word curse word subway underpass tariffs rates, prices toilet restroom trousers pants tube subway underground vest undershirt washing up doing the dishes waistcoat vest

Билет 8.

1) The objectivity of the author’s writing – means to ensure.

2) The use of the word “blueprint” in the text. Colour idioms.

Blueprint – 1 a plan for achieving something

▪ a blueprint for health-care reform

2 a photographic print of a plan for a building, machine etc on special blue paper

▪ a blueprint for the new shopping mall

3 technical a pattern that all living cells contain, which decides how a person, animal, or plant develops and what it looks like:

▪ By changing the tomato's genetic blueprint, scientists can alter the rate at which it ripens.

Black mood	To be in a black mood means to be irritable, angry or even depressed. Also: to be in abad mood.
In the black	To say that a person or organization is in the black means that they are financially sound, have a positive balance on their account and that they owe no money.
Black and white	To say that something isin black and white means that there is written proof of it. " It's an obligation. It's written in black and white in your contract."
Black market	The black market refers to the illegal buying and selling of goods or currencies.
Black sheep	The black sheep of the family is one who is very different from the others, and least respected by the other members of the family.
Black gold	Black gold refers to the black colour and high value of oil.
Black tie event	This expression refers to a formal event at which men are required to wear a dinner jacket, or tuxedo, and a black bow tie. " I need to know if it's going to be a casual get-together or a black tie event."
Blue around the gills(alsogreenorpalearound the gills)	If a person looks blue around the gills, they look unwell or sick. " You should sit down. You look a bit blue around the gills."
Blue chip company	This term refers to a company with a solid reputation for the quality of its productsand the stability of its growth and earnings." It's usually safe to invest in a blue-chip company.
Blue in the face	If you do something until you're blue in the face, you try unsuccessfully to do something for a very long time." I explained the situation until I was blue in the face but she wouldn't change her mind."
Scream blue murder	Someone who screams blue murder shouts or complains very loudly as if something very serious has happened. " The crowd started screaming blue murder when the football match was interrupted."
Blue-eyed boy	A blue-eyed boy is somebody's favourite. " He's the director's blue-eyed boy!
Out of the blue	If something happens out of the blue, it happens unexpectedly. " I had nearly given up hope when out of the blue I was offered a job."
Brown as a berry	To say that someone is brown as a berry means that they are very tanned.
Browned off	To be browned offmeans to be bored, fed up or disheartened. e.g. Tom is browned off with his job.
Golden handcuffs	The term golden handcuffs refers to a large sum of money or a generous financial arrangement granted to an executive as an incentive to stay in their job, or to ensure long-term cooperation after their departure.
Golden handshake	A golden handshake is a generous sum of money given to a person when they leave a company or retire (sometimes given to encourage early retirement).
Golden opportunity	A golden opportunity is a favourable time or excellent occasion which should not be missed.
Golden parachute	A golden parachute is a clause in an executive's employment contract stating that the executive will receive certain large benefits if their employment is terminated.
Golden rule	The most important rule or principle to be remembered when doing something is called thegolden rule. " When travelling abroad, the golden rule is to respect the local customs."
Green fingers	To have green fingers means to be good at gardening.
Green light	If you give or get the green light, you give or get a signal or permission to do something." We're ready to launch the campaign as soon as we get the green light."
Green with envy	Someone who is green with envyis a person who is very envious.
Grey area	To refer to something as a grey area means that it is not clear or easy to define, and is therefore difficult to deal with. " The law concerning email is still a grey area in some countries."
Grey matter(US: gray)	Grey matter refers to the brain, or the grey colour of brain tissue.
Grey existence	To have a grey existence is to lead a dull, monotonous life.
Pink elephants	This term refers to hallucinations or strange imaginary things seen by people as a result of heavy drinking or the use of narcotics." No more drinks for me please, otherwise I'll be seeing pink elephants! "
In the pink of health	If you arein the pink of health, you are in excellent physical condition or extremely healthy. " Caroline looked in the pink of health after her holiday."
Tickled pink	To say that someone is tickled pinkmeans that they are extremely amused or pleased.
Red-handed	If a person is caught red-handed, they are caught while they are doing something wrong or illegal. " The boy was caught red-handed stealing chocolate in the supermarket."
Red herring	A red herring refers to a fact or argument introduced into a discussion which draws attention away from the main point. " Look, bureaucracy is a red herring. How to deal with the oil crisis is the important issue today."
Red light district	This term refers to an area of a town or city where there is a concentration of sex shops, prostitution, strip clubs, etc. " A photograph of the politician taken in a red-light district caused a scandal."
Red tape	The term red tape refers to official rules and bureaucratic paperwork that prevent things from being done quickly. " If there wasn't so much red tape, the company would be up and running already."
Be in the red	If a person or organization is in the red, they owe money or have a negative account. " I'm afraid I can't lend you any money. I'm in the red myself."
Like a red flag to a bull	To say that a statement or action islike a red flag to a bullmeans that it is sure to make someone very angry or upset. " Don't mention Tom's promotion to Mike. It would be like a red flag to a bull! "
Paint the town red	If you paint the town red, you go out and enjoy a lively evening in bars, night-clubs, etc. " To celebrate the victory, the team's supporters painted the town red."
Roll out the red carpet	To roll out the red carpet means to give special treatment to an important or honoured visitor. " The management is going to roll out the red carpet for the visit of the Nobel prize winner."
See red	If someone sees red, they suddenly become very angry or annoyed about something. " Discrimination of any kind makes me see red! "
Silver lining	A silver lining refers to the good or pleasant side-effects of an unpleasant situation. Every cloud has a silver lining is a proverb which means that there is a positive or hopeful side to every unpleasant situation.
Silver spoon	To say that someone was born with a silver spoon in their mouth means that their family is very rich and privileged.
White Christmas	A white Christmas is when it snows at Christmas and the ground is white. " We haven't had a white Christmas in twenty years."
White as a ghost/white as a sheet	A person who is as white as ghostlooks very pale and frightened.

diom	Meaning	Example Sentence
beet red	dark red (usually to describe face)	My sister's face turned beet red when I caught her singing in front of a mirror.
black and blue	bruised and beaten	We found the poor guy black and blue near the train tracks.
black and white	straight forward, very clear	The rules we gave the kids were black and white. No answering the phone or the door.
black out	faint	I always black out at the sight of blood.
black sheep	the odd or bad member of the group	My oldest brother was the black sheep in our family. He dropped out of school at fifteen.
born with a silver spoon in one's mouth	born into a rich family	Keiko hasn't worked a day in her life. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
catch red handed	catch someone in the act of doing something wrong or illegal	The kids were caught red handed stealing chocolate bars.
grass is always greener on the other side	you always want what you don't have	I always wanted to go to university, but now I wish I had time to get a job. Grass is always greener on the other side.
(have a) green thumb	be skillful in the garden	You can tell by her flower garden that Sheila has agreen thumb.
have the blues	be sad or depressed	I always have the the blues during the winter time.
in the dark	unaware	Antoine left his wife in the dark about their honeymoon destination until they got to the airport.
in the red	in debt	When we were in the red we almost had to sell the house.
once in a blue moon	very rarely	We only go out for dinner once in a blue moon.
out of the blue	unexpectedly	I got a phone call from a long lost cousin out of the blue last week.
red eye	an airplane flight that takes off after midnight	I caught the red eye so that I would see the sunrise over the mountains.
roll out the red carpet	treat someone like royalty	When relatives come to town my grandmother rolls out the red carpet.
rose coloured glasses	unrealistic view	Paula imagines Hollywood with rose coloured glasses.
see red	be very angry	I saw red when that guy grabbed my sister's purse.
tickled pink	very pleased and appreciative	My mom was tickled pink when my father brought roses home for her.
true colours	real self	Suzanne doesn't show her true colours when we have guests over.
white lie	an innocent lie to protect another person's feelings	We told Grandma that her cake was delicious, which was actually a white lie.

Билет 9.

1) comment on the role of descriptions at the beginning of the text.

2) with the action of the story set in London it has several place names (like Hyde park corner, Knightsbridge etc). think of other names of London streets or areas and say what you associate with them.

Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner.

The park is divided in two by the Serpentine. The park is contiguous with Kensington Gardens; although often still assumed to be part of Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens has been technically separated since 1728. To the southeast, outside of the park, is Hyde Park Corner. Although, during daylight, the two parks merge seamlessly into each other, Kensington Gardens closes at dusk but Hyde Park remains open throughout the year from 5 am until midnight.

Knightsbridge an area in western central London which has expensive, fashionable shops and is a very expensive place to live

Дальше по нашим айсисишным билетам

Harley Street is a street in London, which has been noted since the 19th century for its large number of private specialists in medicine and surgery.

Since the 19th century, the number of doctors, hospitals, and medical organizations in and around Harley Street has greatly increased. Records show that there were around 20 doctors in 1860, 80 by 1900, and almost 200 by 1914. When the National Health Service was established in 1948, there were around 1, 500. Today, there are more than 3, 000 people employed in the Harley Street area, in clinics, medical practices, and hospitals. It has been speculated that doctors were originally attracted to the area by the development of commodious housing and central proximity to the important railway stations. The nearest Tube stations are Regent's Park and Oxford Circus.

Many famous people have lived in Harley Street, including the Victorian prime minister William Ewart Gladstone and the artist J. M. W. Turner.

Queen's College, founded in 1848 and one of the oldest girls' schools in England, is situated on Harley Street.

Notting Hill is an area in London. It is a cosmopolitan district known as the location for the annual Notting Hill Carnival, the setting for the 1999 film Notting Hill starring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant, and for being home to the Portobello Road Market.

Notting Hill has a contemporary reputation as a fashionable area; known for attractive terraces of large Victorian townhouses, and high-end shopping and restaurants. A Daily Telegraph article in 2004 used the phrase the 'Notting Hill Set' to refer to a group of young Conservative politicians, such as leader David Cameron and George Osborne, the Chancellor of the Exchequer.

Notting Hill has had an association with artists and " alternative" culture since its development in the 1820s.

Petticoat Lane Market is a fashion and clothing market located on Wentworth Street and Middlesex Street in East London.

It is one of a number of traditional markets, lying to the east of the City of London. Petticoat Lane Market was not formally recognised until an Act of Parliament in 1936, but its long history as an informal market makes it possibly one of the oldest surviving markets in Britain.

The market is open Monday to Friday on Wentworth Street alone, but on Sunday extends over many of the surrounding streets, with over a thousand stalls. It is closed on Saturday, and on Sunday closes at about 2 pm. The markets are well signed from local stations.

Despite its fame and history, Petticoat Lane market is not specifically designed as a tourist attraction.

Covent Garden is a district in London located on the eastern fringes of the West End. It is mainly associated with the former fruit and vegetable market located in the central square which is now a popular shopping and tourist site, and the Royal Opera House, which is also known as " Covent Garden". The district is divided by the main thoroughfare of Long Acre; north of which is mainly given over to independent shops centred on Neal's Yard and Seven Dials, while the south contains the central square with its street performers, and most of the elegant buildings, theatres and entertainment facilities, including the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and the London Transport Museum.

Though mainly fields until the 16th century, it was briefly settled when it became the heart of the Anglo-Saxon trading town of Lundenwic. Returning to fields, part of the area was walled off for use as arable land and orchards by Westminster Abbey by 1200, and was referred to as " the garden of the Abbey and Convent". In 1540 Henry VIII took the land belonging to the Abbey, including the area that by now was called " the Covent Garden".

A small open-air fruit and vegetable market took hold on the south side of the fashionable square in approximately 1654. Gradually, both the market and the surrounding area fell into disrepute as taverns, theatres, coffee-houses and prostitutes colonized the neighborhood. By the 18th century Covent Garden had become a well-known red-light district, attracting notable prostitutes; and Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, a guidebook to the prostitutes and whorehouses, became a bestseller. (это я оставила потому что прикольно же).

Leicester Square is a pedestrianised square in the West End of London. It is within the City of Westminster, and about equal distances (about 400 yards / 370 metres) north of Trafalgar Square, east of Piccadilly Circus, west of Covent Garden, and south of Cambridge Circus.

In the middle of the Square is a small park, in the centre of which is a 19th century statue of William Shakespeare surrounded by dolphins. The four corner gates of the park have one bust each, depicting Sir Isaac Newton, the scientist; Sir Joshua Reynolds, the first President of the Royal Academy; John Hunter, a pioneer of surgery; and William Hogarth, the painter. The most recent addition is a statue of film star and director Charlie Chaplin. On the pavement are inscribed the distances in miles to countries of the former British Empire.

Leicester Square is the centre of London's cinema land. It is claimed that the Square contains the cinema with the largest screen and the cinema with the most seats (over 1600). The square is the prime location in London for major film premiè res and has seen the likes of Harry Potter and James Bond film series, Avatar, Alice in Wonderland and animation films such as Shrek; and co-hosts the London Film Festival each year. The square is surrounded by floor mounted plaques with film stars names and cast handprints.

The Square is also the home for tkts, formerly known as the Official London Half-Price Theatre Ticket Booth. This booth is jointly operated by TKTS and LondonTown.com. Tickets for theatre performances taking place around the West End that day are sold from the booth for about half the usual price. The popularity of the booth has given rise to many other booths and stores around the Square that advertise half-price tickets for West End shows. Despite having names like 'Official Half-Price Ticket Booth', they are not official and they do not always advertise the booking fees which commonly come with purchasing tickets.

The Square is home to several nightclubs, making it often very busy, particularly on Friday and Saturday evenings.

Famous Britons

In 2002 the BBC carried out an opinion poll trying to find out whom people considered the greatest Britons of all times. Finally a top 100 was made up.

The first place was occupied by Sir Winston Churchill, (1874–1965), who served as Prime Minister during the WW II (credited as the man who ensured Britain's survival in the conflict). His speeches were a great inspiration to the embattled Allied forces. Upon his death the Queen granted him the honour of a state funeral, which saw one of the largest assemblies of statesmen in the world. Aside from his work as a politician, Churchill was a prolific writer, writing over 25 stories, biographies and histories. Two of his largest undertakings included his Nobel prize winning six-volume history on The Second World War and A History of the English-Speaking Peoples.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel, (1806–1859), engineer, creator of Great Western Railway, came second. He also built numerous important bridges and tunnels, hence revolutionising public transport and modern day engineering. During his short career, Brunel achieved many engineering " firsts", including assisting in the building of the first tunnel under a navigable river.

The third place had the first of the 12 women on the list, Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997), first wife of HRH Charles, Prince of Wales (1981–1996) and mother of Princes William and Harry of Wales. Diana remained the focus of near-constant media scrutiny in the United Kingdom and around the world up to and during her marriage, and after her subsequent divorce. Her sudden death in a car accident was followed by a spontaneous and prolonged show of public mourning. Contemporary responses to Diana's life and legacy have been mixed but a popular fascination with the Princess endures.

Four was the famous biologist Charles Robert Darwin (1809 –1882), the English naturalist, who proposed and provided scientific evidence that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors through the process he called natural selection. Author of On the Origin of Species. In modified form, Darwin’s scientific discovery remains the foundation of biology, as it provides a unifying logical explanation for the diversity of life.

William Shakespeare (1564–1616), English poet and playwright, thought of by many as the greatest of all writers in the English language, was number five. Shakespeare was listed higher than Ch. Dickens (41-st) or Chaucer (81-st). His surviving works consist of 38 plays, [b] which are performed more often than those of any other playwright.

Place six was given to Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science. His treatise Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica published in 1687, and said to be the greatest single work in the history of science, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries and is the basis for modern engineering. In a 2005 poll of the Royal Society of who had the greatest effect on the history of science, Newton was deemed much more influential than Albert Einstein.

Number seven was another woman on the list, Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603), monarch, (reigned 1558–1603). Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, The Faerie Queen or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. One of her first moves was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. The defeat of the Spanish armada in 1588 associated her name forever with what is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in British history. Within twenty years of her death, she was being celebrated as the ruler of a golden age, an image that retains its hold on the English people. Elizabeth's reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake.

The only musician to make the top 10 was John Lennon (1940–1980), and he found himself on the eighth place, listed as a musician with The Beatles, philanthropist, peace activist, artist, MBE (Member of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire). Although Lennon learned to play the guitar and started his first group at school, at first he pictured himself as a painter. However, while a student of Liverpool College of Art, he formed what was to become the greatest pop-rock group of all times, The Beatles. The success prevented him from devoting himself fully to painting. Nevertheless, despite the pressure and the crammed schedule of The Beatles’ existence, Lennon found time to publish two books of drawings, poems and short stories. After The Beatles broke up Lennon became a peace activist speaking against the Vietnam War and returning his MBE in protest against war conflicts Britain was engaged in at the time. He is the author of " Imagine", the official anthem of the human rights organization Amnesty International. Lennon was shot dead in New York in 1980. The official version has it that the murderer was a deranged fan, but it is widely believed the assassination was sanctioned by the FBI as Lennon was so outspoken on political and anti-governmental issues.

Other Beatles in the list were Sir Paul McCartney (placed 19th) and George Harrison, who came 62nd (the fourth Beatle, Ringo Starr, didn’t make it to the list at all). Other musicians include David Bowie (29th), Boy George (46th), and Freddie Mercury (58th).

Ninth place was occupied by Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, (1758–1805), naval commander. a British admiral famous for his participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably in the Battle of Trafalgar, a decisive British victory in the war, during which he lost his life.

The top 10 is closed by one of the most controversial figures in British history, Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), Lord Protector. He was an English military and political leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth. He was one of the commanders of the New Model Army, which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658.

The highest Scottish entry was 20, with Alexander Fleming, the noted scientist who invented penicillin.

Owain Glyndŵ r (c. 1359 – c. 1416), the last Prince of Wales of actually Welsh origin, came 23rd. He instigated an ultimately unsuccessful but long running revolt against English rule of Wales. Glyndŵ r has remained a notable figure in the popular culture of both Wales and England, portrayed in Shakespeare's play Henry IV (as Owen Glendower) as a wild and exotic man ruled by magic and emotion. In the late 19th century the " Young Wales" movement recreated him as the father of Welsh nationalism, revising the historical image of him as a purely local leader and joining him in popular memory as a national hero on a par with King Arthur.

There were no representatives of Northern Ireland on the list, but, curiously, people of non-British origin were voted into the list. Namely, Bono (Irish by birth and nationality), Freddie Mercury (a Parsi). Also legendary and mythical characters, like King Arthur, appeared on the list.

Famous Americans

George Washington was the first president of the United States. He was born in 1732. As a young man he had a surveying business, then in 1752 he inherited land from his brother. George Washington was in the British Army and fought against the French in the French and Indian War. He got a reputation for being a good soldier.

In 1775, George Washington was made commander-in-chief of the Continental Army as the colonists took up arms against the British. He successfully led his troops against the British, helping to win America's independence. In 1789 he was elected the first president of the now United States of America.

Abraham Lincoln was the sixteenth president of the United States. He was born in 1809. He became a lawyer and a politician. He was elected president on a campaign to end slavery. After the Civil War began in 1861, Lincoln introduced the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freeing all slaves in the United States.

He is remembered for his famous speech after the battle of Gettysburg(4) where he said, " Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth." Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865.

Martin Luther King Jr. was an American civil rights leader. He was born in 1929. In 1948 he received a degree in divinity, following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather who were Baptist(3) ministers.

Martin Luther King Jr. became a pastor at a church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1950. There he joined in the struggle for African American rights. He led a boycott against segregated seating on buses and forced the bus company to allow African Americans to sit wherever they chose. He believed that the best way to win black rights was to protest in non-violent ways. He led many protests and was arrested for his acts, but he didn't give up.

In August 1963 he led over 250, 000 people in a march on Washington. There he gave his famous speech,

" I have a dream that one day the nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.' I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together in brotherhood. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character."

In 1964 the Civil Rights Bill was passed and Martin Luther King Jr. was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1968 he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

Билет 20.

1) discuss the language the author uses to describe scientist’s activities, progress etc and the effect it produces.

2) would you say the Americans/the brits are health-conscious nations?

USA

Newspapers

Newspapers have declined in their influence and penetration into American households over the years. The U.S. does not have a national paper per se, although the influential dailies the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal are sold in most U.S. cities. The Times has a liberal stance, while the Journal is moderate-right and is strongly pro-business.

Although the Times' primary audience has always been the people of New York City, the New York Times has gradually become the dominant national " newspaper of record." Apart from its daily nationwide distribution, the term means that back issues are archived on microfilm by every decent-sized public library in the nation, and the Times' articles are often cited by both historians and judges as evidence that a major historical event occurred on a certain date. The Los Angeles Times and the Wall Street Journal are also newspapers of record to a lesser extent.

Most general-purpose newspapers are either being printed one time a week, usually on Thursday or Friday, or are printed daily. Weekly newspapers tend to have much smaller circulation and are more prevalent in rural communities or small towns. Major cities often have " alternative weeklies" to complement the mainstream daily paper(s), for example, New York City's Village Voice or Los Angeles' L.A. Weekly, to name two of the most well-known. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries and papers for local ethnic and social groups.

Apart from the newspapers just mentioned, all major metropolitan areas have their own local newspapers. Typically, a metropolitan area will support at most one or two major newspapers, with many smaller publications targeted towards particular audiences. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage.

With a very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families.

Magazines

Thanks to the huge size of the English-speaking North American media market, the United States has a large magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest, as can be determined by glancing at any newsstand in any large American city..

The U.S. has three leading weekly newsmagazines: TIME, Newsweek and U.S. News and World Report. Time and Newsweek are center-left while U.S. News tends to be center-right, although all three (in theory, at least) strive to provide objective news reporting and limit personal bias to the opinion pages. Time is well-known for naming a " person of the year" each year, while U.S. News publishes annual ratings of American colleges and universities.

The U.S. also has over a dozen major political magazines (the exact number is debatable, of course), serving every part of the political spectrum from left to right.

Newsweek is an American weekly newsmagazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence, Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region.

Cosmopolitan Magazine, Vogue etc…

Achtung! Mass Media in the US are BIASED! =)

Media bias in the United States is the description of systematically non-uniform selection or coverage of news stories in the United States media. Claims of bias in the media include claims of liberal bias, conservative bias, claims of mainstream bias, and claims of corporate bias. There are a variety of one watchdog groups that attempt to find the facts behind both biased reporting and unfounded claims of bias, and research about media bias is a subject of systematic scholarship in a variety of disciplines