Билет 13. A clean. well-lighted place (Hemingway)

1) prose systems and their significance.

2) the man in the story nearly committed suicide but was rescued by his niece. Do you know any voluntary organizations in the UK or the US that help out people who are depressed or suicidal?

VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UK/ US

Introduction:

Britain today is a Welfare State which looks after its citizens in need: the old, the sick, the unemployed. The Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) deals with the basic welfare of all citizens. Medical care and pensions are provided, and financial help is given to those who night otherwise starve or be homeless. Welfare is paid for by all workers and their employers. They pay National Insurance contributions. In addition, the State provides money out of general taxes. Welfare services are free apart from small charges for drugs (medicines), spectacles and dentistry. people with very low incomes do not even have to pay these charges.

Social Security

The State also helps a citizen in difficulties; for instance, if he or she is:

• unemployed,

• sick and therefore temporarily unabie to work,

• permanently disabled,

• old and retired from work,

• a widow,

• unable to provide the minimum of food,

• warmth and shelter for him/herself and family.

The British like to form voluntary organizations. The volunteers work without payment to change the situation. There are thousands of voluntary organizations in Britain, some large, some small.

Getting the money for voluntary work

Although the work is voluntary, organizations need money to pay for expenses such as postage stamps and telephone calls. So an aspect of community life in Britain is raising money (funds) for voluntary societies, or charities. Many organisations send letters to individuals; they appeal for contribations to their funds.

I. There are many national voluntary youth organizations in Britain. The largest youth organizations are the associations of the Boy Scouts and the Girl Guides. There are about 1, 300, 000 boys and girls in them.

The movement of the Boy Scouts was founded by General Baden-Powell in 1908 and began to spring up in almost every town and village of the British Isles. Its aim is to help a Scout (a boy from 8 to 18) to develop into a good man and a useful citizen. He must be able to handle sails, to use the compass, to lay and light a fire out of doors; he must know first aid and develop his interest in music, literature, drama, arts and films. A Scout is friend to animals; he is ‘clean in thought, word and deed’. He must obey the Scout Law.

The Girl Guides Association was founded by Lord Baden-Powell in 1910. It is divided into three sections: Brownies (age 7.5 -11), Guides (age 11 – 16) and Rangers (age 16 – 21). The programme of training is planned to develop intelligence and practical skills including cookery, needlework and childcare. The training and the Law are much the same as those of the Scouts. Like a Scout a Girl Guide must be a friend to animals. She must be ‘pure in thought, word and deed’. She must be loyal to God and the Queen.

II. Religious organizations in Britain include plenty of different organizations, representing lots of faiths (the Methodist Association of Youth Club, YMCA, Protestant Boy's Brigade, etc.).

III. Club organizations, which are not religious, include the National Association of Boy's Club, the Cooperative Youth Movement and many school clubs associated with schools and sport centers. These movements are free to decide on their own organization and activities, but they all work on the principle of supplying young people with creative and constructive activities, both indoors and outdoors. Many of these clubs are organized by local educational authorities, but most are run by volunteers. Most clubs are small and open one or more night a week. Regular activities of youth clubs may include badminton, basketball, darts, fitness, judo and etc. Group of members may also meet for drama, art and music, running a club magazine. Many youth club members enjoy helping other people, by doing jobs for old and infirm people, or by helping charities.

IV. Boy's Brigade is an international organization for boys from 6 to 18. It works to develop Christian beliefs among its members through educational, religious, physical and social activities. The Boy's Brigade is active chiefly in Great Britain and about 60 other countries, including Australia, New Zealand and many African countries. It was one of the first uniformed youth organizations.

V. Young Men's/Women's Christian Association (YMCA).

YMCA is one of the largest nonprofit voluntary organizations in the world. It serves about 25 million members in more than 90 countries. The YMCA is a Christian movement. It believes that all people should join together to achieve equality and justice for one another. The organization tries to meet its members' needs with a program that combines services and social action. Membership and all services are open to people of all ages, religions, races and incomes. The World Alliance of YMCA's, an international YMCA organization, has headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Worldwide YMCA's share 5 basic goals:

1. promoting healthy lifestyle;

2. developing leadership qualities in youth;

3. helping young people to develop essential work skills;

4. working on relief and development projects;

5. increasing international tolerance and understanding.

VI. Greenpeace is an international environmental organization. It works to change government and industrial policies that threaten the nature world. Greenpeace calls attention to the dangers to the environment of such actions as off-shore oil drilling, nuclear bomb testing and the dumping of radioactive wastes into oceans. Members of Greenpeace use direct and nonviolent methods of protest. Without using force they try to stop any dangerous activity. Greenpeace was founded in 1971. It gained international attention for its efforts to save whales and for its opposition to the killing of baby seals off the coast of Newfoundland.

VII. Mencap is a UK charity that works with people with learning disabilities.

Established by Judy Fryd in 1946 as The National Association of Parents of Backward Children, the organization changed its name to The National Society for Mentally Handicapped Children in 1955, finally shortening the name to " Mencap" (presumably from Mentally Handicapped) in 1969. Mencap is the UK's leading learning disability charity working with people with a learning disability and their families and carers. Mencap works collaboratively, fighting for equal rights, campaigning for greater opportunities and challenging attitudes and prejudice. Mencap provides help and support through supported living, supported employment, respite services, organised activities, systemic and individual advocacy, and outreach support.

VIII. Woodland Trust

The Woodland Trust, founded in London, England in 1972, and now based in Grantham, Lincolnshire, is a conservation charity in the United Kingdom concerned with the protection and sympathetic management of native woodland heritage. The Woodland Trust uses its experience and authority in conservation to influence others who are in a position to improve the future of native woodland. This includes government, other landowners and like-minded organisations. It also campaigns to protect and save ancient woodland from destructive development. Its current president is Clive Anderson.

IX. Dr. Barnardo's Homes

His medical work in the East End of London during the epidemic of cholera in 1866 first drew his attention to the great numbers of homeless and destitute children in the cities of England. Since 1905, there were established 112 district " Homes, " besides mission branches, throughout the United Kingdom.

The object for which these institutions were started was to search for and to receive waifs and strays, to feed, clothe, educate, and, where possible, to give an industrial training suitable to each child. The principle adopted was that of free and immediate admission; there were no restrictions of age or sex, religion or nationality; the physically robust and the incurably diseased were alike received, the one necessary qualification being destitution. The system under which the institution was carried on is broadly as follows: the infants and younger girls and boys are chiefly " boarded out" in rural districts; girls above fourteen years of age are sent to the industrial training homes, to be taught useful domestic occupations; boys above seventeen years of age are first tested in labour homes and then placed in employment at home, sent to sea or emigrated; boys of between thirteen and seventeen years of age are trained for the various trades for which they may be mentally or physically fitted. Besides the various branches necessary for the foregoing work, there were also, among others, the following institutions: a rescue home for girls in serious danger, a convalescent seaside home, and a hospital for the terribly sick.

In 1876 on the 9th July, The Girls Village Home was officially opened with twelve cottages by the then Lord Cairns, In the same year a modern steam laundry was opened. Over the years the number of cottages grew to a total of 66 in 1906 housing some 1, 300 girls which was spread over the three Village greens covering some 60 acres which was next to Mossford Lodge at Barkingside, Ilford, Essex that had been opened in 1873; by 1894 a Multi - denominational Children's Church was opened with a dedication service. The Girls Village Home had become a real " garden city"; where Dr. Thomas John Barnardo is buried in front of Cairns House and watchers stood crying in deep pain to see this wonderful man go.

In 1901, through the generosity of Mr E. H. Watts, a naval school was opened in 1903 at North Elmham, near Norwich, to which boys were drafted from the branch homes to be trained for the Navy and the |Mercantile Marine. Watts' Naval Training School closed 1949

In 1899 the various institutions and organizations were legally incorporated under the title of " The National Association for the reclamation of Destitute Waif Children", but the institution has always been familiarly known as " Dr Barnardo’s Homes." Barnardo laid great stress on the religious teaching of the children under his care. Each child was brought up under the influence and teaching of the Protestant Faith. Children of Jewish and Roman Catholic parentage were handed over to the care of the Jewish Board of Guardians in London and to Roman Catholic institutions respectively.

X. Meals on Wheels

Meals on Wheels is the name for programs that deliver meals to individuals at home who are unable to purchase or prepare their own meals, and it is often used to generically refer to home-delivered meals programs, not all of which are actually named " Meals on Wheels." Because they are homebound, many of the recipients are the elderly; not surprisingly, most of the volunteers are also elderly but able bodied.

Modern programs

Today, Meals on Wheels programs generally operate at the county level or smaller. Programs vary widely in their size, service provided, organization, and funding. The Meals On Wheels Association of America (MOWAA) is a national association for senior nutrition programs, but each program is entirely independent. There are also active Meals on Wheels programs in Canada, Australia and in the United Kingdom. The National Association of Care Catering (www.thenacc.co.uk) are a great source of information on UK Meals on Wheels services.

Most Meals on Wheels programs deliver meals warm and ready-to-eat, but some programs deliver deep-frozen meals. Depending on the program, meals may be delivered by paid drivers or by volunteers. In addition to providing nutrition to sustain the health of a client, a meal delivery by a Meals on Wheels driver or volunteer also serves a safety check and source of companionship for the client.

Most clients of Meals on Wheels programs are elderly, and programs receiving federal funding may not serve people less than 60 years old. In the US, Federally funded programs may only request voluntary contributions from clients, while other programs often charge a moderate fee for service. Regardless of their sources of funding, eligibility for most programs is determined solely by medical need, with financial need and actual ability to pay not making a difference either way.

XI. Help the Aged

Established in 1961, Help the Aged is a United Kingdom based, international charity fighting to free disadvantaged older people from poverty, isolation and neglect.

In 1961 Cecil Jackson-Cole first founded Help the Aged. Help the Aged has national offices in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland whose role is to manage their campaigns and services within the context of their own national or regional environment. As of 2005, the Charity employs over 1, 800 people and has an income of £ 75 million per year. Research into Ageing is a British medical research trust with the Charity.

In 2007, Help the Aged launched intune group, a new financial services brand. The service exists as a wholly-owned subsidiary of the charity and offers tailored financial services products, including home, car and travel insurance. The charity has launched the initiative to remove age discrimination as a barrier to older people wishing to access certain financial products. Unlike many other financial services companies, none of intune's products will have an upper age limit. Any profits generated by the company will go towards the charity's work with disadvantaged older people.

Among the many issues tackled by Help the Aged are:

• Age discrimination, particularly in healthcare and employment.

• Poverty among older people.

• Isolation and loneliness.

XII. Friends of the Earth (EWNI) (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) is one of 70 national groups around the world which make up the Friends of the Earth network of environmental organizations. It is usually referred to just as Friends of the Earth within its home countries.

Friends of the Earth Scotland operates separately, so there is no single Friends of the Earth (UK).

In November 2006, The Big Ask campaign was widely credited with forcing the government to include the Climate Change Bill in their legislative programme, set out in " the Queen's Speech".

Local groups

Friends of the Earth EWNI defines itself as a grassroots organisation, with over 200 local groups making it the largest environmental network in the UK. FoE local groups are largely autonomous, but most work on at least some national campaigns, especially Climate Change. FoE local groups have significant power in shaping the direction of the national organisation, for example by electing a majority of Board Members.

Campaigns

The major campaign issues of Friends of the Earth in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are:

• Corporate Accountability

• Real Food

• Climate change

• Global trade

• Biodiversity

• Waste

• Safer Chemicals

• Transport

High profile campaigns have included the return of 1500 non-returnable bottles to Schweppes in 1971, and the successful " Alice's Meadow" campaign of 1983 - which helped force the diversion of the proposed M40 motorway around Otmoor.

Friends of the Earth (US)

Friends of the Earth (US) is an environmental organization that lobbies for protection of the environment and champions a healthy and just world. The head of Friends of the Earth (US) is Brent Blackwelder, who in November 2004 was chosen as " one of the top environmental stewards" in the country by the magazine Vanity Fair. Friends of the Earth (US) meets the Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Alliance Standards for Charity Accountability. The evaluation process involves rigorous scrutiny of a charity’s governance, effectiveness, finances and solicitations and informational materials. The Wise Giving Alliance is the nation’s most experienced charity evaluator.

Programs

Friends of the Earth (US) has three three program fields around which its work revolves. These are:

• The Domestic Program, which seeks to eliminate subsidies for environmentally destructive activities that damage public health and natural resources at taxpayers expense; global warming; chemical and biotechnological safety issues; and transportation reform.

• The International Program is working to ensure that environmental concerns are a part of the emerging global system of trade and is using tools like shareholder resolutions to drive for more corporate accountability.

• The Bluewater Program is leading efforts to reduce environmental harm from commercial shipping, cruise ships, ferries, cars and trucks, snowmobiles and jetskis.

Recent achievements

• The ferry service to Alcatraz in San Francisco will be carried out in 2-4 years by an environmentally friendly Green Ferry, thanks to the efforts of our Bluewater Program.

• Friends of the Earth won a federal appeals court victory in April 2006 against the EPA and the Washington area sewer authority to require daily limits on storm water runoff into the Anacostia River. The court said that ‘daily’ means what it says and not seasonally or annually. The court asked what you would think of a doctor who promised a daily visit and then showed up once a year. The decision could be an important precedent for cities across the country because other courts have allowed EPA and local sewer authorities to get away with a lax interpretation of ‘daily.’

• Friends of the Earth co-sponsored a new film The Great Warming [(http: //www.thegreatwarming.com)] designed to involve and engage religious congregations on the issue of climate change.

• Friends of the Earth (alongside other groups)in 2005 successfully convinced the city council of Washington, D.C. to ban the passage of trains loaded with toxic chemicals such as chlorine through city neighborhoods. According to the U.S. Naval Research Labs, one chlorine tank car breach could kill 100, 000 people in ½ hour. While the ban is in litigation, Friends of the Earth and its allies are working in coalition with groups in other cities to achieve the rerouting of trains with dangerous chemicals around large populated cities.

• Friends of the Earth released a report in the summer of 2006 providing information on the presence of nanotechnology in everyday products such as sunscreens that received widespread coverage in the media nationwide. The Food and Drug Administration has announced that it plans a meeting in October to discuss the new kinds of nanotechnology being developed for use in the products it regulates, including drugs and cosmetics.

XIII. Rotary International is an organization of service clubs known as Rotary Clubs located all over the world. There are more than 32, 000 clubs in more than 200 countries, and there are over 1.2 million members world-wide.[1] The members of Rotary Clubs are known as Rotarians. The stated purpose of the organization is to bring together business and professional leaders to provide humanitarian service, encourage high ethical standards in all vocations, and help build goodwill and peace in the world. Members usually meet weekly for breakfast, lunch or dinner, which is a social event as well as an opportunity to organize work on their service goals.

Rotary International Headquarters in Evanston, Illinois, USA.

Rotary International is governed by a board of directors composed of 17 zone directors, a president-elect and an international president. The nomination and the election of the president are based on zones. The international president, the highest officer of the organization, is elected for a term of one year. The board meets quarterly to establish policies.

XIV. The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, known simply as The Royal Society, is a learned society for science that was founded in 1660 and claims to be the oldest such society still in existence. Although a voluntary body, it serves as the academy of sciences of the United Kingdom (in which role it receives £ 40 million annually from the UK Government).[citation needed] The Royal Society is a member organization of the Science Council.

XV. Oxfam

Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over 3, 000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice.

The 6000 people that control Oxfam organizations are based in: Australia, Belgium, Canada (along with a distinct Oxfam organization for the province of Quebec), France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. A small Oxfam International Secretariat is based in Oxford, UK, and the Secretariat runs advocacy offices in Washington, DC, New York, Brussels, and Geneva.

The Oxfam International Secretariat leads, facilitates and supports collaboration between the Oxfam affiliates to increase Oxfam International’s impact on poverty and injustice through advocacy campaigns, development programs and emergency response.

Oxfam in Great Britain is based in Oxford, UK. It was founded in England in 1942 as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief by a group of concerned citizens including Canon Theodore Richard Milford (1896–1987), Professor Gilbert Murray and his wife Lady Mary, Cecil Jackson-Cole and Sir Alan Pim. It was one of a number of local committees formed in support of the National Famine Relief Committee. Their mission was to persuade the UK government to allow food relief through the Allied blockade for the starving citizens of Nazi-occupied Greece. The first overseas Oxfam was founded in Canada in 1963. The committee changed its name to its telegraph address, OXFAM, in 1965.

Oxfam's work

Though Oxfam's initial concern was the provision of food to relieve famine, over the years Oxfam has developed strategies to combat the causes of famine. In addition to food and medicine Oxfam also provides tools to enable people to become self-supporting and opens markets of international trade where crafts and produce from poorer regions of the world can be sold at a fair price to benefit the producer.

Oxfam works on trade justice, fair trade, education, debt and aid, livelihoods, health, HIV/AIDS, gender equality, conflict (campaigning for an international arms trade treaty) and natural disasters, democracy and human rights, and climate change.

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