Билет 17. Beating the AIDS epidemic (popular-sc. article)

1) point out the elements in the text that are not purely informative and discuss their impact on the reader/

2) talk about voluntary organizations in the UK or the US involved in general health provision. Cм билет 13

Билет 18. General conversation: myself (Iveling Waugh)

1) is the writer being ironical or straightforward about his subject (words and statements to prove your point of view)

2) the text mentions “polytechnic”. what kind of an educational institution it is today? how does one apply for a place in a poly?

Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain " at little expense."

In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s. The designation " Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two " Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.

Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.

Билет 19. Big, tiny developments (pop.-scient. art.)

1) the structure of the title and the way it correlates with the main idea of the text.

2) the text mentions Harvard medical school. What associations does Harvard bring up? Can you quote any other big names in the same field?

The Ivy League is an athletic conference composed of sports teams from eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The conference name is also commonly used to refer to those eight schools as a group.[2] The eight institutions are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale University. The term Ivy League also has connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.

The term became official after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954.[3] The use of the phrase is no longer limited to athletics, and now represents an educational philosophy inherent to the nation's oldest schools.[4] Seven of the eight schools were founded during the United States colonial period; the exception is Cornell, which was founded in 1865. Ivy League institutions, therefore, account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution.

Ivy League schools are viewed as some of the most prestigious, and are ranked among the best universities worldwide.[5] All eight Ivy League institutions place within the top fifteen of the U.S. News & World Report college and university rankings, including the top four schools and six of the top ten. A member of the Ivy League has been the U.S. News number-one-ranked university in each of the past 12 years: Princeton University five times, Harvard University twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.[6]

The Ivies are all in the Northeast region of the United States. Each school receives millions of dollars in research grants and other subsidies from federal and state government.

Undergraduate enrollments among the Ivy League schools range from about 4, 000 to 14, 000, [7] making them larger than those of a typical private liberal arts college and smaller than a typical public state university. Overall enrollments range from approximately 6, 100 in the case of Dartmouth to over 20, 000 in the case of Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League university financial endowments range from Brown's $2.2 billion to Harvard's $32 billion, [8] the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.[9]

Билет 20.

1) discuss the language the author uses to describe scientist’s activities, progress etc and the effect it produces.

2) would you say the Americans/the brits are health-conscious nations?

Билет 21. The fiction in biography (Essay)

1) Typical features of the genre

2) cultural stereotypes of the british

“ A life without theory is music to the ears of an Englishman”.

Билет22. Brain, courage and integrity (Tom Gehreis) – pop-scient.

1) the organization of the text in view of the author’s aim (compos.)

2) the cultural potential of the text

Билет 23. Self-destruction, self-control – pop-scient.

1) The expressive elements (imagery)

2) US/UK magazines and newspapers

UK Newspapers are traditionally categorized into two types in the United Kingdom. Broadsheets which are larger in size and are seen as being more intellectual and upmarket; and tabloids which are smaller in size and seen as being more downmarket than broadsheets, containing more stories about celebrities or gossip. However, some broadsheet papers, such as The Times, and The Independent have recently switched to a smaller size, preferring to call themselves compact rather than be stigmatised by the tabloid label.

The Daily Telegraph - - quality newspaper – very influential - The Daily Telegraph is a British broadsheet newspaper, founded in 1855. Excepting the Financial Times, it is the only remaining daily newspaper printed on traditional newsprint in the Broadsheet format in the United Kingdom. The Financial Times (FT) is a British international business newspaper. It is a morning daily newspaper published in London that has had a strong influence on the financial policies of the British government.

Magazines

A bewildering range of magazines are sold in the UK covering most interests and potential topics. Famous examples include Private Eye, Hello!, The Spectator, the Radio Times

Private Eye is a British satirical magazine-newspaper, published every two weeks. the magazine has been well-known in the UK as a prominent critic of public figures deemed incompetent, inefficient or corrupt, and has become a self-styled " thorn in the side" of the British establishment, though it also receives much criticism and ire, both for its style and for its willingness to print defamatory and controversial stories. Such is the long-term popularity and significance of the magazine that many jokes and cultural miscellanea from its pages have entered popular culture.

The Spectator - The Spectator is a British magazine founded in 1828 and published weekly. Its principal subject area is politics, about which it generally takes a robustly conservative editorial line. The magazine also has extensive arts pages on books, music, opera, and film and TV reviews.

USA

Newspapers

Newspapers have declined in their influence and penetration into American households over the years. The U.S. does not have a national paper per se, although the influential dailies the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal are sold in most U.S. cities. The Times has a liberal stance, while the Journal is moderate-right and is strongly pro-business.

Although the Times' primary audience has always been the people of New York City, the New York Times has gradually become the dominant national " newspaper of record." Apart from its daily nationwide distribution, the term means that back issues are archived on microfilm by every decent-sized public library in the nation, and the Times' articles are often cited by both historians and judges as evidence that a major historical event occurred on a certain date. The Los Angeles Times and the Wall Street Journal are also newspapers of record to a lesser extent.

Most general-purpose newspapers are either being printed one time a week, usually on Thursday or Friday, or are printed daily. Weekly newspapers tend to have much smaller circulation and are more prevalent in rural communities or small towns. Major cities often have " alternative weeklies" to complement the mainstream daily paper(s), for example, New York City's Village Voice or Los Angeles' L.A. Weekly, to name two of the most well-known. Major cities may also support a local business journal, trade papers relating to local industries and papers for local ethnic and social groups.

Apart from the newspapers just mentioned, all major metropolitan areas have their own local newspapers. Typically, a metropolitan area will support at most one or two major newspapers, with many smaller publications targeted towards particular audiences. Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years, the price of newspapers has generally remained low, forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service, such as the Associated Press or Reuters, for their national and world coverage.

With a very few exceptions, all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned; or in a situation that is increasingly rare, by individuals or families.

Magazines

Thanks to the huge size of the English-speaking North American media market, the United States has a large magazine industry with hundreds of magazines serving almost every interest, as can be determined by glancing at any newsstand in any large American city..

The U.S. has three leading weekly newsmagazines: TIME, Newsweek and U.S. News and World Report. Time and Newsweek are center-left while U.S. News tends to be center-right, although all three (in theory, at least) strive to provide objective news reporting and limit personal bias to the opinion pages. Time is well-known for naming a " person of the year" each year, while U.S. News publishes annual ratings of American colleges and universities.

The U.S. also has over a dozen major political magazines (the exact number is debatable, of course), serving every part of the political spectrum from left to right.

Newsweek is an American weekly newsmagazine published in New York City. It is distributed throughout the United States and internationally. It is the second largest news weekly magazine in the U.S., having trailed Time in circulation and advertising revenue for most of its existence, Newsweek is published in four English language editions and 12 global editions written in the language of the circulation region.

Cosmopolitan Magazine, Vogue etc…

Achtung! Mass Media in the US are BIASED! =)

Media bias in the United States is the description of systematically non-uniform selection or coverage of news stories in the United States media. Claims of bias in the media include claims of liberal bias, conservative bias, claims of mainstream bias, and claims of corporate bias. There are a variety of one watchdog groups that attempt to find the facts behind both biased reporting and unfounded claims of bias, and research about media bias is a subject of systematic scholarship in a variety of disciplines

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