Child Safety / Seatbelt Laws

It is compulsory for all inside the vehicle to be wearing a seatbelt.

· Children under 3 years and less than 135cm must use the correct child seat.

Compulsory Equipment

There is no compulsory equipment needed in the UK.

 

13.3 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of the United States of America:

Which Side of the Road?

In the USA, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use mobile phone to call or text while driving.

· On Roundabouts (Traffic Circles or Rottary), drivers to the left have right of way.

· America is full of Toll Roads, also known as Turnpikes. Keep lots of spare change in your car as only some booths accept Debit and Credit cards.

· Do not overtake school buses.

· Please be aware you may turn right at lights (in some States, when shown by signs).

· If pulled over by Police, do not exit your vehicle. Turn the ignition off and sit patiently with your hands visible.

Speed Limits

Each State will have its own speed regulations to abide by, please use this as a guide to road speeds, not the actual State traffic speed limits:

· Urban areas: 20 - 35 mph

· School Zone: 10 - 20 mph

· 2 lane Highway: 55 - 65 mph

· Motorways: 65 - 70 mph

 

Child Safety / Seatbelt Laws

It is compulsory for all inside the vehicle to be wearing a seatbelt, you will be fined.

· Each State has its own rules and regulations about child seats and seatbelt laws.

 

Compulsory Equipment

There is no compulsory equipment needed in the USA.

 

13.4 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of Austria:

Which Side of the Road?

In Austria, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use your horn around Vienna, and hospitals, you may be fined.

· You must obtain a voucher when parking, these can be bought almost anywhere.

· Do not overtake school buses, when the yellow lights are flashing.

Speed Limits

For a standard Avis rental vehicle with no trailers:

· Urban areas: up to 31 mph (50 km/h)

· Rural areas: 62 mph (100 km/h)

· Motorways: up to 80 mph (130 km/h)

· Snow Chains is 31 mph (50 km/h)

A general rule around Austrian towns is a speed limit of 18mph (30km)

Child Safety / Seatbelt Laws

It is compulsory for all inside the vehicle to wear a seatbelt.

· All children under 14 and less than 1.50 metres in height, are not permitted to travel as a front or rear seat passenger unless using suitable restraint system for their height / weight.

· Sports cars may not transport chidren under 14.

 

Compulsory Equipment

· Warning triangle

· First-aid kit

· Reflective jacket

 

13.5 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of Canada:

Which Side of the Road?

In Canada, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

 

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use mobile phone to call or text while driving.

· On Roundabouts (Traffic Circles or Rottary), drivers to the left have right of way.

· Use the outside lane to overtake on highways.

· Do not overtake school buses.

· If pulled over by Police, do not exit your vehicle. Turn the ignition off and sit patiently with your hands visible.

Speed Limits

Each Province will have its own speed regulations to abide by, please use this as a guide to road speeds, not the actual State traffic speed limits:

All speed signs will be in KM:

· Urban areas: 25 mph (40 km/h)

· Rural areas: 55 mph (96 km/h)

· Motorways: 65 mph (104 km/h)

Please be aware of changing speeds indicated by road signs.

 

Child Safety / Seatbelt Laws

It is compulsory for all inside the vehicle to be wearing a seatbelt.

· Each province has its own rules and regulations about child seats and seatbelt laws.

 

Compulsory Equipment

There is no compulsory equipment needed in Canada.

 

13.6 Прочитай, переведи и запомни Road rules of Turkey:

Which Side of the Road?

In Turkey, please drive on the RIGHT side of the road.

Unique Country Driving Laws

· Do not use a cell phone while driving. It is strictly prohibited.

· Be careful when driving, there may be numerous objects on the road.

· In the event of an accident, be sure tocall the Police and make a report. Do not move your vehicle.

Speed Limits

For a standard Avis rental vehicle with no trailers:

· Urban areas: 31 mph (50 km/h)

· Rural areas: 55 mph (90 km/h)

· Motorways: 74mph (120km/h)

Unless indicated by road signs.

Child Safety / Seatbelt Laws

It is compulsory for all inside the vehicle to wear a seatbelt.

· Children under 150cm and less than 35kg must be seated in an appropriate child restraint for their size.

· Children under 10 can not travel in the front seat.

Compulsory Equipment

• First-aid kit

• Fire extinguisher

• 2x Warning triangle

 

THE FUTURE TENSES

 

The Future Simple употребляется для выражения:

Ø предсказаний будущего, обычно с глаголами think, believe, expect; выражениями be sure, be afraid; наречиями perhaps, certainly, probably: His parents think he will become an artist one day.

Ø неожиданных решений и предложений: I’ll take this jacket. Since it’s your birthday, I’ll pay for lunch.

Ø событий, ситуаций, которые точно произойдут в будущем, и которые невозможно контролировать: Jill will be two years old next month.

Ø обещаний, обычно с глаголами promise, swear, guarantee, угроз, предупреждений, просьб, обозначения надежды, обычно с I hope: I hope pollution levels will drop soon. Factories must stop polluting the air or else we won’t be able to breathe.

Индикаторы: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month/year, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ	ОТРИЦАНИЕ	ВОПРОС
I We	shall V1	I We	shan’t V1	Shall	I we	V1?
He She It You They	will V1	He She It You They	won’t V1	Will	he she it you they	V1?

The Future Continuous употребляется для выражения:

Ø действия, которое произойдет в обозначенное время в будущем: This time next week, I’ll be skiing in Austria.

Ø действия, которое произойдет в будущем в результате обыденности или договоренности: ‘Shall I inform the rest of the team? ’ ‘No, I’ll do it. I’ll be seeing them at the meeting anyway’.

Ø действия в будущем, когда мы вежливо спрашиваем о чьих-либо планах (совпадают ли наши желания с их планами): ‘Will you be going out later? ’ ‘Yes. Why? ’ ‘Could you get me a sandwich, please? ’

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ	ОТРИЦАНИЕ	ВОПРОС
I We	shall be Ving	I We	shan’t be Ving	Shall	I we	be Ving?
He She It You They	will be Ving	He She It You They	won’t be Ving	Will	he she it you they	be Ving?

The Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет закончено до обозначенного времени в будущем: They will have finished their meeting by four o’clock this afternoon.

Индикаторы: by, by the time, before, until, by then, etc.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ	ОТРИЦАНИЕ	ВОПРОС
I We	shall have V3/ed	I We	shan’t have V3/ed	Shall	I we	have V3/ed?
He She It You They	will have V3/ed	He She It You They	won’t have V3/ed	Will	he she it you they	have V3/ed?

The Future Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения длительности действия до определенного времени в будущем: By the time Rick retires, he will have been working for the same company for thirty years.

Индикаторы: by … for.

УТВЕРЖДЕНИЕ	ОТРИЦАНИЕ	ВОПРОС
I We	shall have been Ving	I We	shan’t have been Ving	Shall	I we	have been Ving?
He She It You They	will have been V3/ed	He She It You They	won’t have been V3/ed	Will	he she it you they	have been Ving?

WILL / SHALL

Ø WILL YOU …? употребляется для выражения просьбы: Will you open the door for me, please?

Ø WON’T употребляется для выражения отказа: I’ve talked to Sue about her decision to leave, but she won’t listen.

SHALL I/WE …? употребляется для:

a) выражения предложения: Shall I give you a hand with those bags?

b) выражения совета: Shall we wait until the rain stops?

c) получения инструкции: What shall I do with all these letters? Put them on my desk.

Present Simple используется в значении будущего, когда мы ссылаемся на программы или расписания (поезда, автобусы и т.д.): The film starts in ten minutes. (расписание кинотеатра)

Be going to употребляется для выражения:

Ø планов на будущее, намерений или стремлений: I’m going to employ more staff. I’m going to expand my company.

Ø предвидений ближайшего будущего: Look at him! He is going to win the race.

Ø The Future Simple не употребляется после while, before, until, as soon as, after, if, by the time или as. Вместо этого употребляется The Present Simple или Present Perfect: I’ll wait until you finish/have finished. А не: until you will finish.

Ø When (= в какое время) употребляется, как вопросительное слово, за ним следует The Future Simple: When will I know the results? I can’t tell when it will be ready.

Ø When (= в то время) употребляется, как временное слово и за ним следует The Present Simple: He’ll call us when he gets there.

If может следовать за The Future simple только после выражений, которые выражают незнание, неуверенность I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder: I wonder if he will be on time. Но: If you see him, tell him about the party.

После by the time, until, before, употребляется The Present Simple в придаточных времени. The Future Perfect и The Future Perfect Continuous могут стоять как перед, так и после них: I will have tidied up by the time you get back. By the time she finishes work, we will have been waiting for more than an hour.

13.A Исправь ошибки:

1. Dima is typing two reports so far this morning.

2. The sun has been setting in the west.

3. We were working for an hour when the phone rang.

4. Lida had been buying a new laptop last month

13.B Раскрой скобки:

 

1. “Did you find the papers you were looking for? ” “Yes. They _ on my desk all the time.” (be)

2. “What time _ tomorrow? ” “Very early. At 6 o’clock in the morning.” (you/leave)

3. “Lera is very good at her job, isn’t she? ” “Yes. She _ the same job for thirty years.” (do)

4. “When did you see Ira? ” “While I _ at the bus stop yesterday morning.” (wait)

5. “Have you made plans for Saturday yet? ” “Yes, I _ to the cinema with Edgar.” (go)

6. “Where were you at 5 o’clock yesterday? ” “I _ a lecture.” (have)

7. “Did you enjoy your flight? ” “Yes, but I was nervous because I _ before.” (not/fly)

8. “Andrey is going on holiday next week.” “Yes, I know. This time next week he _ to Thailand.” (fly)

9. “ your report by Friday? ” “Yes, I’ll give it to you on Thursday evening.” (you/ complete)

 

13.C Раскрой скобки:

 

When Oleg (open) the door, he knew someone (be) in the house. Things were different. Earlier that morning, he (see) for him to leave the house. Oleg went into the kitchen. The window was open. He was sure he (close) it earlier. Next, he went into the garden. Oleg knew something very strange (go) on. He went back into the house. He had just got to the top of the stairs when he heard a noise coming from the bedroom. Slowly, he opened the door & there, lying in the middle of the bed, was his sister! She (sleep)! Oleg was very relieved.

 

13.D Dr. Samson is a scientist. He is going on a mission to Saturn with some astronauts. Составь предложения как в примере:

 

1. What have they arranged?

ü leave/ Earth/ on Saturday. They’re leaving Earth on Saturday.

• return/ to Earth/ in two months

2. What will they be doing while they’re there?

ü do/ experiments. They’ll be doing experiments while they’re there.

• collect/ samples to take back to earth

• search/ the planet for signs of life

3. What will they have done by the time they come back?

ü take/ more than 3000 photographs. They’ll have taken more than 3000 photographs.

• walk/ on the surface of the planet

• be/ in space for about 2 months

13.E Life has changed a lot in the past century. Составь предложения как в примере:

1. 100 years ago, people used to eat simple, home-made food. Today, we eat tinned food & pre-packaged meals. In the future, scientists are bound to invent food pills which will replace actual meals.

 

 

2. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, scientists are on the point of invention of

3. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, scientists are bound to invent

4. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, we expect to make

5. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, scientists are on the point of

6. 100 years ago, people used to

Today, we

In the future, we expect to

 

 

CHAPTER14

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSPORTATION

14.1 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст:

 

State-of-the-art computer technology has undergone an almost incomprehensible transformation, analogous to the evolution from Morse code to e-mail. Although the rudimentary scope, goals, and objectives of the transportation community have not changed significantly, the challenges of technology today are greater than ever before. Within a generation, computers have transformed the everyday tasks of the workforce—computer use has infiltrated almost everywhere. Data management capabilities have greatly enhanced resource management. However, accompanying the positive effects are the challenges of implementing, supporting, and funding these technologies in the world of transportation.

Narrowing the gap between cutting-edge technology and its applications, as well as identifying the missing links for applying technology in transportation will be the ongoing challenge. This paper briefly documents the state-of-the-practice in information systems and technologies for transportation, as well as the developing role of information technology (IT) in the 21st century. This assessment points to potential solutions for technological challenges in such areas as

· Applying information systems and technology in the transportation field;

· Applying system-user interfaces (e.g., interactive graphics) as well as data management and data sharing;

· Using web technologies (Internet, intranets, and extranets) in transportation;

· Prioritizing research, development, and demonstration programs to augment work presently under way;

· Encouraging the use of common information system and information technology semantics and standards in the transportation field;

· Facilitating and monitoring technology transfer as a “user advocate” among transportation organizations, vendors, and universities; and

· Evaluating the impact of computer technologies on transportation organizations, including gains in productivity.

The growing concerns about the application of advanced computer technology in transportation involve the following issues: IT, management, data sharing and interoperability, transportation applications, and information dissemination.

 

14.2 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст IT ISSUES и озаглавь абзацы:

A. Mobile Computing;

B. Consumer Electronics Explosion;

C. Anticipating Future Revolutions in IT;

D. Transportation Applications of Web Technologies;

E. New Philosophies and Techniques for Systems Development;

F. Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Information Technologies.

 

1. In applying web technologies, the focus in the new millennium will be on advances in realtime technologies, such as “zero-latency” and push technologies.

2. The transportation community should emphasize the applications of the Internet, intranets, and extranets in the design, construction, and operation of transportation facilities, specifically in the following areas:

· Data exchange and communication over the Internet or extranets;

· Cross-platform integration of transportation information sources;

· Dynamic generation and presentation of transportation information on the Internet;

· Information dissemination and management using organizations’ intranets; and

· Integration of transportation databases with the Internet, intranets, and extranets.

3. The transportation community should identify and prepare for future revolutions in IT that will have an impact on transportation. One revolution is the likely “near future” transition to 64-bit “Wintel” systems. This transition will have a tremendous impact on distributed computing (such as the web) and on data management applications. Many organizations were caught off-guard and were unprepared or unwilling to make the initial investment in the 32-bit Windows 95 revolution and have lagged behind ever since.

4. The market penetration of hand-held and in-vehicle computers will provide a platform for many transportation applications. How can we take advantage of these new technologies?

Virtual reality may be useful for facility design and prototyping and should be investigated further.

How can high-bandwidth wireless networks be used effectively in transportation technology?

5. The consumer electronics (CE) market is poised for explosive growth. Market-ready products supporting mobile computing and electronic commerce, and wireless communications supporting E911 locations, smart cards, and the like have made their debuts already. What impact will they have on public and private transportation services?

Which CE technologies offer major opportunities for reengineering? For example, how can motor vehicles exploit e-commerce? We barely understand the dynamics of the boundary between the public and private sectors and are about to be overcome by technologically savvy consumers.

6. The interaction among interoperability, consumer electronics, and in-house software development is already undermining the entire concept of “enterprise” computing. Where is the transportation enterprise in a globally connected, consumer-driven, componentbased universe? Enterprise solutions are just more “stovepipe” thinking, as isolating ultimately as the stovepipe applications they were intended to replace. What new philosophical and technical foundations will guide the development of new systems? Is the whole concept of “system” artificial and self-limiting? How should the ideas of nonlinearity, complexity, autopoeisis, and cybernetics be introduced into transportation systems? Institutions of higher education and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are exploring these areas. New applications derive from nonclassified military air and space technologies. The gathering of transportation data (for vehicles, rail, and aircraft traffic), analytic processing, and information presentation to transportation operation centers might be vital in the 21st century. Many of the large companies that have contracts with the military and NASA, such as Boeing, Northrop Grumman, and Lockheed-Martin, can be resources for the transportation community. This kind of engagement could allow research facilities, using U.S. Department of

Transportation (DOT) grants, to develop processes, techniques, and management systems using high-altitude reconnaissance and ground surveillance aircraft equipment, geosynchronous satellite sensors, and data collection and telemetry programs. The Transportation Research Board should help develop consortiums among the states, universities, aerospace and aviation companies, and DOTs to discover solutions for tomorrow’s needs.

Other topics and types of IT that will be of increasing interest to the transportation community include software and hardware security, mobile communications, automatic equipment identification, electronic data interchange, global positioning systems, geographic information systems (GIS), visualization and animation, electronic funds transfer, voice recognition, sophisticated bar-coding, airborne ground surveillance, satellite ground surveillance and tracking, very large-scale computing, distributive and client-server technologies, and advanced analysis and modeling computing.

14.3 Прочитай, письменно переведи текст MANAGEMENT ISSUES и заполни пропуски подходящими глаголами:

 

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