Skim the text and choose the best title.

1. Language Acquisition

2. Cultural Competence in the Classroom

3. Teaching English as an International Language

4. Values and Beliefs

Acquiring cultural competence is a gradual process. It is achieved only after many observations, experiences, and interactions in the classroom and playground, with parents and with peers. However, the process can begin with the knowledge and understanding of six basic cultural differences that teachers are likely to encounter in the culturally diverse classroom. Familiarity with these differences will begin to aid teachers in understanding the complexity of teaching diverse groups of students.

How do cultures come to acquire information? In some cultures, information is gathered through intensive research in libraries and on the Internet, for example, in the United States. These cultures appreciate evidence that can be measured and documented through such media.

On the other hand, other cultures acquire information through " non-academic" sources, for example, through elders, nature, spirits, or symbols. Some cultures do not have the same quantity and quality of experience with books or similar forms of research. These cultures may place greater value on information and knowledge acquired through oral tradition.

Cultures have different ways of solving problems. It is surprising that given the same set of problems and circumstances, cultures can arrive at very different solutions. Cultures reason differently and arrive at solutions based on their distinctive values, philosophy and beliefs. One example is the variety of responses that members of different cultures provide to the following question:

Suppose you are on a boat with your mother, your spouse and your child. Suddenly, the boat begins to sink. You determine that you can only save one of the other passengers. Whom do you save? According to survey results, 60% of Americans save their spouse, 40% save their children.

The reasons typically offered run along these lines:

· Save Spouse: " My spouse is my partner for life and I can have more children".

· Save Child: " Children represent the future, so it is vital to protect them first. Probably, my spouse would support this decision". However, among Asian cultures, or Americans of recent Asian descent, nearly 100% of respondents state that they would save the mother. The rationale I have heard offered is this:

· Save Mother: " My mother gave me life; I owe her my life. I can marry again; I can have more children, but I cannot replace my mother or otherwise repay the debt I owe her."

Cultures have different ways of communicating non-verbally, and it is crucial for teachers to be aware of these differences. In a class that is culturally diverse, any or all of the following might be observed in the classroom: children who will not make direct eye contact when talking to a teacher, because to do so would show lack of respect in their culture; children who smile not because they are happy but because they are embarrassed or do not understand and are afraid to ask questions; others who rarely smile, such as students from Korea: " In Korean culture, smiling signals shallowness and thoughtlessness. The Korean attitude toward smiling is expressed in the proverb, 'the man who smiles a lot is not a real man'" (Dresser, 1996).

When teachers begin to recognize that cultures have different ways of communicating non-verbally, they will understand their ELL students better and be less likely to be offended or to misinterpret non-verbal clues to emotional, cognitive, or attitudinal states.

Generally speaking, different cultures also learn in different ways. In the United States students often work in groups and do collaborative activities in which they learn from one another. Classrooms in such cases can be student-centered, with the teacher as a facilitator. In some cultures, however, the teacher is always the center of class activities, the sole authority figure. Sometimes, students do not even dare to ask questions, as to do so would challenge the teacher's authority. There are no collaborative activities in such classrooms, and students are required to memorize pages and pages of information that they subsequently restate in written tests.

Conflict is a fact of life. It is in observing how people deal with and react to conflicts that we see clear differences between cultures. Some cultures view conflict as a positive thing, while others view it as something to be avoided. In the United States, conflict is not usually desirable; nonetheless, conventional wisdom in this country encourages individuals to deal directly with conflicts when they do arise. In fact, face-to-face encounters are usually suggested as the way to work through whatever problems exist.

By contrast, in many Asian countries, open conflict is experienced as embarrassing or demeaning. As a rule, these cultures hold that differences are best worked out quietly. Thus, written exchanges might be preferred over face-to-face encounters as a means of conflict resolution (Dupraw and Axner, 1997).

In the multicultural school setting, symbols that are unique to various cultures should be correctly understood and interpreted. Otherwise, problems can arise. One case in point occurred in an elementary school in New York City. A math teacher asked her students to embellish their math portfolios by drawing pictures to accompany them. She was incensed when she saw her young student from India drawing what she thought was a swastika. Furious, she took the student’s " artwork" and ripped it in half in front of the whole class! Subsequently, she learned from another teacher at the school, a Hindu, that what had looked to her like a swastika was actually a sacred symbol of wisdom that Hindus throughout the world have used for thousands of years!

Living in a global society, teachers are called upon to instruct and work with students with very different ethnicities and beliefs from those to which they have been accustomed. Therefore, it is vital that teachers continuously educate themselves, discovering all that they can about their students and their backgrounds. In the process of developing their cultural knowledge and cross-cultural communication skills, the six cross-cultural points of comparison and the techniques for expanding cultural knowledge discussed above can provide important guidelines for teachers. Ultimately, such an approach should help teachers to understand and respect diverse students and to guide these students more effectively toward academic and personal success and fulfillment.

[88] Johnson Y. P. Cultural Competence in the Classroom

Read the text and match the headings to each paragraph. There is one extra heading.

A. Ways of Dealing with Conflict

B. Ways of Using Symbols

C. Ways of Learning

D. Ways of Knowing

E. Ways of Non-verbal Communication

F. Ways of Solving Problems

G. Ways of teaching English

3 Read the text again and decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).

1. In the United States information is acquired through " non-academic" sources.

2. Cultures solve problems taking into consideration their distinctive values, philosophy and beliefs.

3. In Korean culture, smiling signals embarrassment and being afraid to ask questions.

4. In the United States classrooms can be student-centered, with the teacher as a facilitator.

5. In the United States written exchanges might be preferred over face-to-face encounters as a means of conflict resolution

6. In many Asian countries individuals are encouraged to deal directly with conflicts when they do arise.

7. Symbols that are unique to various cultures should be correctly understood and interpreted.

8. It is vital that students continuously educate themselves, discovering all that they can about their peers and their backgrounds.

Answer the questions.

1. How can acquiring cultural competence be achieved?

2. How do different cultures acquire information?

3. Why do respondents from Asian cultures state that they would save the mother in a particular situation?

4. Why is it crucial for teachers to know that cultures have different ways of non-verbal communication?

5. What are the differences in learning styles in some cultures?

6. How do people react to conflicts in some cultures?

7. Why is it important to understand and interpret symbols that are unique to various cultures?

8. How should teachers guide their students more effectively toward academic and personal success and fulfillment?

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