George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson

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George Stephenson was а British inventor and engineer. Не is famous for building the first practical railway locomotive.

Stephenson was born in 1781 in England. During his
youth he worked as а fireman and later as an engineer in
the coal mines of Newcastle. Не invented one of the first
miner's safety lamps independently of the British inventor
Humphrey Davy. Stephenson's early locomotives were used
to carry load in coal mines, and in 1823 he established а
factory at Newcastle for their manufacture. In 1829 he
designed а locomotive known as the Rocket, which could
carry both loads and passengers at а greater speed than
any locomotive constructed at that time. The success of
the Rocket was the beginning of the construction of
locomotives and the laying of railway lines.

Robert Stephenson, the son of George Stephenson was
a British civil engineer. Не is mostly well-known
for the construction of several notable bridges.

Не was born in 1803. Не was educated in Newcastle
and at the University of Edinburgh. In 1829 hе assisted
his father in constructing а locomotive known as the
Rocket, and four years later he was appointed construction
engineer of the Birmingham and London Railway,
completed in 1838.

Stephenson built several famous bridges, including the
Victoria Bridge in England, the Britannia Bridge in
Wales, two bridges across the Nile in Egypt and the
Victoria Bridge in Montreal, Canada.

Вариант 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

A l. I went to bed at ten о'clock yesterday.

2. I go to bed at ten о'clock every day.

3. Nelly will leave for Moscow tomorrow.

4. She is drinking coffee now.

B 1. Bread is eaten every day.

2. The dinner was cooked in time.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. They will read this book tomorrow in the evening.

2. We use electricity in everyday life.

3. We have not yet marked this town on the map.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и II,
установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.

1. А letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.

2. The girl writing on the blackboard is our best pupil.

3. This text was translated at the last lesson.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You must work hard at your English.

2. You may finish the work tomorrow.

3. Не will be able to visit you tomorrow.

4. Нс can speak Spanish.

5. We had to do it yesterday.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2-й абзацы текста.

What Is a Computer?

The term computer is used to describe а device made
up of а combination of electronic and electromechanical
(part electronic and part mechanical) components.
Computer has nо intelligence by itself and is referred
as hardware. А computer system is а combination of five
elements:

● Hardware

● Software

● People

● Procedures

● Data/information

When one computer system is set up tо communicate
with another computer system, connectivity becomes the
sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which
the various individual systems are connected — for
example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or
satellite — is an element of the total computer system.

Software is the term used tо describe the instructions
that tell the hardware how to perform а task. Without
software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what
to do. People, however, are the most important component
of the computer system: they create the computer software
instructions and respond tо the procedures that those
instructions present.

The basic job of computer is processing information.
Computers accept information in the form of instruction
called а program and characters called data to perform
mathematical and logical operations, and then give the
results. The data is raw material while information is
organized, processed, refined and useful for decision
making. Computer is used to convert data into information

Вариант 6

A 1. She showed him the way to the metro station.

2. They didn’t turn off the light.

3. Someone wants you on the phone.

4. We will finish this work in time.

B 1. This article was translated by his friend.

2. Some important facts were explained to him.

4. She was told to go home at once.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. They looked for the girl everywhere.

2. We must finish the work by tomorrow.

3. He gave the patients some good advice.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и II и установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите на русский язык.

1. She went into the room, leaving the door open.

2. The man has stopped a taxi.

3. The article written the day before was corrected.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You must take a taxi if you want to catch that train.

2. The lecture is to begin at nine.

3. He was able to do it yesterday.

4. She hopes she can find the job she is looking for.

5. Their travel by sea may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите c1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы.

James Prescott Joule

James Prescott Joule, a famous British physicist, was born in 1818 in Salford, England.

Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. In the course of his investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he formulated the law, now known as Joule's law of electric heating. This law states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by electric current is proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current. Joule experimentally verified the law of conservation of energy in his study of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.

Joule determined the numerical relation between heat and mechanical energy, or the mechanical equivalent of heat, using many independent methods. The unit of energy, called the joule, is named after him. It is equal to 1 watt-second. Together with the physicist William Thomson (Baron Kelvin), Joule found that the temperature of gas falls when it expands without doing any work. This phenomenon, which became known as the Joule -Thomson effect, lies in the operation of modern refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ КОММЕНТАРИЙ

К КОНТРОЛЬНЫМ РАБОТАМ

The Numeral

(Числительные)

1. Числительные и другие цифровые данные употребляются в единственном числе, если им предшествуют: three dozen, five hundred и т.д.

Но: dozens of orders, hundreds of jobs.

2. Для разделения разрядов в больших числах (тысячи, миллионы) ставится запятая (при компьютерном наборе это делать необязательно): 5, 555, 555 – five million, five hundred and fifty five thousand, five hundred and fifty five.

Числа типа 1100, 1200…(до 2000) обычно произносятся и пишутся как 1100 – eleven hundred, 1900 – nineteen hundred.

3. В десятичных дробях целая часть отделяется от дробной точкой, а не запятой и цифры после запятой произносятся отдельно: 0.05 zero point zero five, 5.05 – five point zero five.

4. Числа, обозначающие годы и десятилетия, произносятся так:

2000 – two thousand, 1903 – nineteen oh three, 1990 – nineteen ninety.

5.В простых дробях числитель читается как количественное числи-тельное, а знаменатель как порядковое.

Например: 1/3 – one/third; 1½ - one and a half.

6. В десятичных дробях, как правило, каждое число читается отдельно, а в простых дробях числитель читается как количественное числительное, а знаменатель - как порядковое.

Например: 1.25 – one point two five, 1.5 – one point five, 1.33 – one point three three; 1 ¾ - one and three quarters.

7.Проценты обозначаются символом % и пишутся “per cent”.

Например: 26% = twenty-six per cent.

More than 50% is the majority; less than 50% is the minority.

The Active Voice (действительный залог)

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