Авторы: Е.П. Дупленко, Н.В. Белькович, О.Р. Боброва, Т.А. Воронова, Л.Ф. Кольцова, Т.Н. Павлычева, Т.Г. Проворова

Иностранный язык

для студентов заочного отделения

Нижний Новгород 2015

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РФ

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «НИЖЕГОРОДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ

ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ им.Р.Е. Алексеева»

ДЗЕРЖИНСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ЗАОЧНОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ

Под общей редакцией кандидата педагогических наук Е.П. Дупленко

Рекомендовано Ученым советом Нижегородского государственного технического университета им. Р.Е.Алексеева в качестве учебного пособия для аспирантов, магистрантов, студентов старшего этапа обучения и преподавателей иностранных языков всех специальностей

Нижний Новгород 2015

И 68

УДК 371.3.811 ББК 74.261.7

Авторы: Е.П. Дупленко, Н.В. Белькович, О.Р. Боброва, Т.А. Воронова, Л.Ф. Кольцова, Т.Н. Павлычева, Т.Г. Проворова

Р е ц е н з е н т

профессор кафедры теории и практики французского языка

ФГБОУ ВПО «НГЛУ им. Н.А.Добролюбова», кандидат филологических наук, доцент

Т.П. Понятина

И 68 Иностранный язык для студентов 1 курса заочного отделения: учеб. пособие Е.П. Дупленко и др.; под ред. Е.П. Дупленко; Нижегород. гос.техн. ун-т имени Р.Е.Алексеева. - Н.Новгород, 2015. – 105 с.

ISBN 978-5-502-00640-8

Данное пособие обобщает опыт работы кафедры иностранных языков Дзержинского политехнического института в области преподавания иностранного языка студентам заочного отделения технического университета. В пособии представлены разработанные преподавателями кафедры контрольные работы по английскому и немецкому языкам, а также материалы и задания для самостоятельной работы студентов. Пособие предназначено для студентов 1 курса заочного отделения всех специальностей.

Библ.: 7 назв.

УДК 371.3.811

ББК 74.261.7

ISBN 978-5-502-00640-8 © Нижегородский государственный технический университет им. Р.Е. Алексеева, 2015

© Дупленко Е.П., Белькович Н.В., Боброва О.Р., Воронова Т.А., Кольцова Л.Ф., Павлычева Т.Н., Проворова Т.Г., 2015

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

ОТ АВТОРОВ ………………………………………………………… 4

1. АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

1.1.КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1 (Т.Н. Павлычева)………….........5

1.2.КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (Л.Ф. Кольцова)………………. 12

1.3.КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ КОММЕНТАРИЙ…………. 21

1.4.МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОГО ЧТЕНИЯ

(Е.П. Дупленко)…….…………….......................... 27

1.5.ТЕСТЫ (Т.Г. Проворова)………………………………………… 37

2. НЕМЕЦКИЙ ЯЗЫК

2.1.КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №1 (Т.А. Воронова)…………….. 57

2.2.КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА №2 (Т.А. Воронова)……………… 72

2.3.ТЕСТЫ (Е.П. Дупленко )............................... 92

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ……………..…………………………......100

ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ………………………………………………….... 101

ОТ АВТОРОВ

Данное пособие имеет целью организацию и контроль самостоятельной работы студентов заочного отделения с помощью системы контрольных работ и комментариев к ним, а также дополнительных материалов для чтения и тестовых заданий в области грамматики и лексики английского и немецкого языков. Пособие состоит из двух глав, каждая из которых включает в себя две контрольные работы, представленные в четырех или шести вариантах. Контрольные работы выполняют как обучающую, так и контролирующую функции в учебном процессе. Они основаны на учебном материале, подлежащем изучению на каждом этапе обучения, и позволяют осуществлять контроль уровня сформированности соответствующих компетенций. Дополнительные материалы для чтения могут использоваться как на аудиторных занятиях, так и во внеаудиторной самостоятельной работе студентов.

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Приступая к заданию 1 контрольной работы, повторите основные суффиксы, при помощи которых в английском языке образуются существительные, прилагательные и наречия.

В задании 2 обратите внимание на времена группы Simple, Continuous, Perfect и их правильный перевод на русский язык.

Перед выполнением задания 3 ознакомьтесь с информацией в кратком комментарии к контрольным работам в конце (см. п.1.3.).

Вариант 1

1. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие следующим словам, и переведите те и другие на русский язык: communication, discussion, government, invitation, development, life, meaning.

2. Составьте предложения, употребляя следующие слова и выражения:

often, to start, to look after, an office, to have lunch.

3. Напишите словами следующие числительные: 533, 746, 812, 900; десятичные дроби 12, 015; 25, 765; годы: 1964, 1870: простые дроби 4/10, 7/8.

4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is your name?

2. Where are you from?

3. What do you do?

4. What course are you doing at university?

5. Who do you live with?

6. How old are you?

7. What are your special interests?

8. Are you married?

5. Переведите следующий текст письменно на русский язык и поставьте

5 вопросов к тексту.

Megalopolis

The town of Shenzhen, just forty kilometers north of Hong Kong, is the world’s biggest building site. In 1982 it was a fishing village with two main roads, fields, and a population of 30, 000. Now it has a population of 3 million. It is growing at an incredible speed. It is spreading north towards Guangzhou (also known as Canton) and west towards Macau. The Chinese government hopes that in less than ten years this area will be the biggest city on earth, with a population of 40 million people.

Shenzhen is a shocking place, like nowhere else on earth. It is a city with no boundaries and no centre. There are new concrete office blocks, factories, and housing blocks as far as the eye can see. Not just dozens of new buildings, not even hundreds, but thousands. And it is all happening so fast. It takes just six months to design, build, and finish a 60-storey, air-conditioned skyscraper.

China is changing. It is no longer a country where absolutely everything is owned and controlled by the state. Developers are welcome. The Chinese people seem to welcome dramatic change. They don’t worry about losing traditional ways of life. They want the new. As the posters on the sides of the highways shout, ‘Development is the only way’.

Notes for the text:

building site – строительная площадка

incredible – невероятный

skyscraper – небоскреб

6. Выпишите сказуемые из всех предложений, определите их временную форму, укажите их инфинитив.

Вариант 2

1. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие следующим словам, и переведите те и другие на русский язык: explanation, education, decision, enjoyment, help, warning, smile.

2. Составьте предложения, употребляя следующие слова и выражения:

сelebrity, person, outstanding, politician, speech, governor.

3. Напишите словами следующие числительные: 141, 235, 617, 700; десятичные дроби 14, 539; 37, 894; годы: 1711, 1920: простые дроби 5/7, 2/4.

4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What course are you doing at university?

2. Is it interesting for you to learn English?

3. Is it important to learn English nowadays?

4. What is the best way to remember new words?

5. Which subjects are the most complicated to you?

6. Who motivated you to go to university?

7. Do you like university atmosphere?

8. Which subjects are the most interesting to you?

5. Переведите следующий текст письменно на русский язык и поставьте 5 вопросов к тексту.

Dublin

Dublin, a city over a 1, 000 years old, is the cultural and historical capital of Ireland and the birthplace of many of the world’s most popular writers and musicians. James Joys and Oscar Wilde were both born here. But what’s it like?

It has always had a reputation as a vibrant and lively city, but since the economic boom of the 1990s, Dublin has got even better. Almost as famous for its lively nightlife as for its history, Dublin now looks more like other European cities, and has, in fact, become one of Europe’s most popular destinations. So, what can you do there?

The first place to go is Temple Bar. It has a great atmosphere, with shops, bars and cafes full of stylish young Europeans.

One of the best things to see is the Book of Kells. This is one of the oldest books in the world (over 1, 200 years old! ) and you can see it in the Trinity College Library, at the University of Dublin.

Also, you mustn’t miss the statue of Molly Molone, the city’s heroine. She was a beautiful, young fishmonger who died in 1636. Nobody knows how she died, but a famous song was written about her, and many say you can still hear the sound of her ghost walking the streets.

If you enjoy history, make sure you go to Dublin Castle. This castle, built between 1208 and 1220, lies in the heart of the city, and is surrounded by beautiful gardens.

Notes for the text:

birthplace – месторождения

lively - оживленный

6. Выпишите сказуемые из всех предложений, определите их временную форму, укажите их инфинитив.

Вариант 3

1. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие следующим словам, и переведите те и другие на русский язык: organization, improvement, employment, agreement, building, division, caring.

2. Составьте предложения, употребляя следующие слова и выражения:

employ, job, company, successful, well-paid, increase.

3. Напишите словами следующие числительные: 245, 418, 529, 800; десятичные дроби 10, 438; 16, 754; годы: 1600, 2005: простые дроби 2/3, 4/7.

4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Do you like travelling?

2. What place are you going to visit next summer?

3. You like taking pictures of the places you visit, don’t you?

4. What places do you like visiting in Nizhny Novgorod?

5. Are there many museums in Nizhny Novgorod.

6. What is your favorite place in Dzerzhinsk?

7. Is Dzerzhinsk a good place to live in?

8. What street do you live in Dzerzhinsk?

5. Переведите следующий текст письменно на русский язык и поставьте

5 вопросов к тексту.

Oxford

What is so special about Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest universities in England? Why do so many students want to study there?

Both of these university towns are very beautiful. They have some of the finest architecture in Britain. Some of their colleges and libraries are three, four and even five hundred years old, and are full of valuable books and precious paintings. Both towns have many lovely gardens, where the students can read and relax in the summer months.

Oxford is the older university of the two. The first of its colleges was founded in 1249. The university now has thirty-four colleges and about twelve thousand students, many of them from other countries. Oxford is, of course, famous for its first class education as well as its beautiful buildings. Some of the most intelligent men and women in the country live and work here. Oxford gives them what they need: a quiet atmosphere, friendly colleagues, and the four-hundred-year-old Bodleian library, which has about five million books.

It is not easy to get a place at Oxford University to study for a degree. But outside the university there are many smaller private colleges which offer less difficult courses and where it is easy to enroll. Many students in these private schools take business, secretarial or English language courses.

6. Выпишите сказуемые из всех предложений, определите их временную форму, укажите их инфинитив.

Вариант 4

1. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие следующим словам, и переведите те и другие на русский язык: belief, hope, suggestion, knowledge, dream, employer, worker.

2. Составьте предложения, употребляя следующие слова и выражения: mass-media, internet, online, newspaper, computer, site.

3. Напишите словами следующие числительные: 146, 317, 675, 900; десятичные дроби 15, 777; 64, 256; годы: 1995, 2014: простые дроби 1/2, 8/9.

4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Do you have a personal computer?

2. What do you think of Internet?

3. How often do you use Internet?

4. What are your favorite sites?

5. Do you read news online?

6. What news attracts your attention?

7. What do you think of social sites?

8. Do you use Skype?

5. Переведите следующий текст письменно на русский язык и поставьте

5 вопросов к тексту.

Universities

Nearly half of all Americans go on to college (a place of higher education) when they leave school. Some colleges are small, with only a few hundred students, but some of the big state universities are huge, with up to 60, 000 students. There are more than 2, 600 universities in the USA, and nearly all colleges have both men and women students.

You can study many interesting subjects at college, in short or long courses, but if you want to get a degree, you have to study for at least four years. Classes start in September and go on to early June with a break in the middle.

If you want to study in the States, write to your nearest American embassy.

In Britain, you can get a degree in a university, in a ‘polytechnic’, or in some of the many colleges of further education. There are 42 universities in Britain. There are also many colleges in Britain that teach English as a foreign language. Some have short courses (a few weeks or months), and some have one- or two-year courses.

University classes start in September and go on until mid-June with two breaks, one at Christmas, and one at Easter. Most degrees take three years, but some take four. If you want to study in Britain, write to your nearest British embassy or British Council office.

Notes for the text:

huge – громадный

degree – ученая степень

6. Выпишите сказуемые из всех предложений, определите их временную форму, укажите их инфинитив.

Вариант 5

1. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие следующим словам, и переведите те и другие на русский язык: usage, loading, start, distributor, dealer, announcement, presentation.

2. Составьте предложения, употребляя следующие слова и выражения: book, favorite, literature, author, library, detective.

3. Напишите словами следующие числительные: 237, 415, 770, 985; десятичные дроби 27, 345; 51, 456; годы: 1870, 2010: простые дроби 2/3, 4/5.

4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Do you read a lot?

2. What kind of literature do you prefer reading?

3. Who is your favorite author?

4. What are you reading at the moment?

5. Do you go to the library?

6. Do you have a home library?

7. What kinds of books are there in your home library?

8. What do you think of Russian poesy?

5. Переведите следующий текст письменно на русский язык и поставьте

5 вопросов к тексту.

New York

Everyone knows something about New York – the Statue of Liberty, the skyscrapers, the beautiful shops on Fifth Avenue, and the many theatres on Broadway. This is America’s cultural capital, and her biggest city, with a population of nearly eight million. In the summer it is hot and in the winter it can be very cold, but there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round.

There are five ‘boroughs’ in New York: Brooklyn, the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens and Richmond. Only one of them, the Bronx, is not on an island.

Manhattan, the smallest island in New York, is the real centre of the city. Most of the interesting shops, buildings and museums are here. In 1605 the first Europeans came to Manhattan from Holland. They bought the island from the American Indians for a few glass necklaces, worth about $26 today.

Only 1, 500, 000 people live in Manhattan, but five million people work here every day. Many live in the suburbs and come to work on the subway.

Wall Street in Manhattan is the financial heart of the USA and the most important banking centre in the world. It is a street of ‘skyscrapers’, those incredible, high buildings which Americans invented, and built faster and higher than anyone else.

Like every big city, New York has its own traffic system. Traffic jams can be terrible, and it’s usually quickest to go by subway. The New York subway is easy to use and quite cheap.

Notes for the text:

borough – район

subway – метро

6. Выпишите сказуемые из всех предложений, определите их временную форму, укажите их инфинитив.

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Прежде чем выполнить задание 1, повторите правила образования страдательного залога, способы его перевода на русский язык. Для этого ознакомьтесь с информацией в кратком комментарии к контрольным работам (см. п. 1.3).

Вариант 1

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите eго видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

A l. I am writing a letter to a foreign firm now.

2. My son will be seven this spring and in September he'll go to school.

3. She bought this television last Sunday.

4. Our country buys a lot of different equipment from Great Britain.

B 1. These books are sold everywhere.

2. Professor Brown was asked a lot of questions.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. We shall find many new theaters, clubs and cinemas in the capital of Russia tomorrow.

2. We obtain the nuclear fuel from uranium and thorium.

3. Soviet scientists have created many machines.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и II,
установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением,
обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.

1. The progress achieved by our country in industry is great.

2. We are waiting for him now.

3. I was impressed by the technical knowledge which was shown by your specialists in Moscow.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. May we begin our lesson at 9 o'clock?

2. My daughter is fourteen but she can already cook very well.

3. I must sometimes work in the evening.

4. He will be able to reserve a room at a hotel.

5. Yesterday my friend had to come to his office early.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3, 4-й абзацы.

James Watt

James Watt, а famous inventor and mechanical engi-
neer, was born on January 19, 1736, in Scotland. Не
worked as а mathematical-instrument maker from the
age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the
steam engine, which was used at that time tо pump out
water from mines.

Watt is known for his improvements of the steam
engine. Не determined the properties of steam, especially
the relation of its density to its temperature and pressure,
and designed а separate condensing chamber for the steam
engine that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder.
For this device and other improvements on steam engine
Watt received his first patent in 1769.

Watt continued his research and patented rotary engine
for driving various types of machinery; the double-action
engine, in which steam is admitted alternately into both
ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which
records the steam pressure in the engine. Не retired from
the firm manufacturing steam engines in 1800 and
devoted himself entirely to research work.

In 1788 Watt invented the centrifugal or fly ball gov-
ernor, which automatically regulated the speed of an
engine. It uses the feedback principle of аservomecha-
nism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept
of automation. The watt, the unit of power, was named
in his honor.

Вариант 2

A l. The secretary is looking through the mail now.

2. I read English newspapers every day.

3. He spent his holiday in the Crimea last year.

4. She will go there tomorrow.

B 1. The dictation was written without mistakes.

2. He has been told everything.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. We call the last century the age of steam.

2. I visited the stations of the Moscow underground.

3. We have read about the achievements of research workers in the field of nuclear physics.

1. We are having lunch now.

2. We were pleased to receive from you an invitation to the exhibition.

3. Reading his newspapers the old man fell asleep.

1. Can you make a reservation for the flight?

2. He is able to do it.

3. May I go to the post-office with Mike?

4. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well.

5. You must take your examination in English.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3, 4-й абзацы.

Bill Gates – the -
the the Founder of Microsoft

William Henry Gates was born in Seattle, Washington,
in 1955. Не is an American business executive, chairman and
chief executive officer of the Microsoft Corporation. Gates
was the founder of Microsoft in 1975 together with Paul
Allen, his partner in computer language development.
While attending Harvard in 1975, Gates together with
Allen developed аversion of the BASIC computer
programming language for the first personal computer.

In the early 1980s, Gates led Microsoft's evolution
from the developer of computer programming languages
to аlarge computer software company. This transition
began with the introduction of MS-DOS, the operating
system for the new IВМ Personal Computer in 1981. Gates
also led Microsoft towards the introduction of application
software such as the Microsoft Word processor.

Much of Gates' success is based on his ability to
translate technical visions into market strategy. Although
Gates has accumulated great wealth from his holdings of
Microsoft stock, he has been known as аtough competitor
who seems to value winning in аcompetitive environment
over money. Gates still continues tоwork personally in
product development at Microsoft.

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог, переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

A 1. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

2. It was raining when he went out.

3. She has a headache. She has had a headache since she got up.

4. When I was a child, I didn't like sport.

B 1. I was told to buy tickets.

2. Many new buildings will be built here.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. I must buy some bread.

2. People knew little about electricity in the past.

3. Russian scientists have solved many problem of nuclear physics.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните Participle I и II, установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You can improve your knowledge without reading books.

2. Standing at the corner of the street he waited for the bus.

3. Have you told John about your new job?

4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I had to go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

2. Come on. We must hurry.

3. I`ll be able to begin the work tomorrow morning.

4. I can translate this text, it is easy.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста.

Foreign Languages

Knowledge of foreign languages is especially important
today because they are the main and the most efficient
means of information exchange between the people of our
planet. Students should learn English as аforeign language
because today English is the language of the world. Over
350 million people speak it as а mother tongue. The native
speakers of English live in Great Britain, in the United
States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English is
one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada
and South African Republic. As аsecond language it is
used in the former British and US colonies.

It is the major international language for communica-
tion in such areas as science, technology, business and
mass media. English used as one of the official lan-
guages of the United Nations Organization and other
political organizations. It is the language of computer
software, literature, education, modern music and inter-
national tourism.

Вариант 4

A 1. My sister gets up at eight o'clock.

2. He is playing the piano in the next room.

3. I shall see him soon.

4. She had dinner with my family yesterday.

B 1. We were invited to a concert yesterday.

2. Flowers are sold in shops and in the streets.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Lomonosov enriched science with experiment on atmospheric electricity.

2. We have leaned many interesting things from books.

3. A kerosene lamp gives little light.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и II, и установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She watched the children writing the dictation.

2. Entering the room, she turned on the light.

3. The text is translated.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. He will be able to help us.

2. Mike can go fast.

3. You may take my pen.

4. You must respect your parents.

5. He had to learn new words every day.

Вариант 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе B обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

A l. I went to bed at ten о'clock yesterday.

2. I go to bed at ten о'clock every day.

3. Nelly will leave for Moscow tomorrow.

4. She is drinking coffee now.

B 1. Bread is eaten every day.

2. The dinner was cooked in time.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. They will read this book tomorrow in the evening.

2. We use electricity in everyday life.

3. We have not yet marked this town on the map.

1. А letter sent from St. Petersburg today will be in Moscow tomorrow.

2. The girl writing on the blackboard is our best pupil.

3. This text was translated at the last lesson.

1. You must work hard at your English.

2. You may finish the work tomorrow.

3. Не will be able to visit you tomorrow.

4. Нс can speak Spanish.

5. We had to do it yesterday.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 3-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2-й абзацы текста.

What Is a Computer?

The term computer is used to describe а device made
up of а combination of electronic and electromechanical
(part electronic and part mechanical) components.
Computer has nо intelligence by itself and is referred
as hardware. А computer system is а combination of five
elements:

● Hardware

● Software

● People

● Procedures

● Data/information

When one computer system is set up tо communicate
with another computer system, connectivity becomes the
sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which
the various individual systems are connected — for
example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or
satellite — is an element of the total computer system.

Software is the term used tо describe the instructions
that tell the hardware how to perform а task. Without
software instructions, the hardware doesn't know what
to do. People, however, are the most important component
of the computer system: they create the computer software
instructions and respond tо the procedures that those
instructions present.

The basic job of computer is processing information.
Computers accept information in the form of instruction
called а program and characters called data to perform
mathematical and logical operations, and then give the
results. The data is raw material while information is
organized, processed, refined and useful for decision
making. Computer is used to convert data into information

Вариант 6

A 1. She showed him the way to the metro station.

2. They didn’t turn off the light.

3. Someone wants you on the phone.

4. We will finish this work in time.

B 1. This article was translated by his friend.

2. Some important facts were explained to him.

4. She was told to go home at once.

2. Напишите предложения в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык.

1. They looked for the girl everywhere.

2. We must finish the work by tomorrow.

3. He gave the patients some good advice.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и II и установите функцию каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите на русский язык.

1. She went into the room, leaving the door open.

2. The man has stopped a taxi.

3. The article written the day before was corrected.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. You must take a taxi if you want to catch that train.

2. The lecture is to begin at nine.

3. He was able to do it yesterday.

4. She hopes she can find the job she is looking for.

5. Their travel by sea may be cheaper, but it takes a long time.

5. Прочитайте и устно переведите c1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 и 4 абзацы.

James Prescott Joule

James Prescott Joule, a famous British physicist, was born in 1818 in Salford, England.

Joule was one of the most outstanding physicists of his time. He is best known for his research in electricity and thermodynamics. In the course of his investigations of the heat emitted in an electrical circuit, he formulated the law, now known as Joule's law of electric heating. This law states that the amount of heat produced each second in a conductor by electric current is proportional to the resistance of the conductor and to the square of the current. Joule experimentally verified the law of conservation of energy in his study of the conversion of mechanical energy into heat energy.

Joule determined the numerical relation between heat and mechanical energy, or the mechanical equivalent of heat, using many independent methods. The unit of energy, called the joule, is named after him. It is equal to 1 watt-second. Together with the physicist William Thomson (Baron Kelvin), Joule found that the temperature of gas falls when it expands without doing any work. This phenomenon, which became known as the Joule -Thomson effect, lies in the operation of modern refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

К КОНТРОЛЬНЫМ РАБОТАМ

The Numeral

(Числительные)

1. Числительные и другие цифровые данные употребляются в единственном числе, если им предшествуют: three dozen, five hundred и т.д.

Но: dozens of orders, hundreds of jobs.

2. Для разделения разрядов в больших числах (тысячи, миллионы) ставится запятая (при компьютерном наборе это делать необязательно): 5, 555, 555 – five million, five hundred and fifty five thousand, five hundred and fifty five.

Числа типа 1100, 1200…(до 2000) обычно произносятся и пишутся как 1100 – eleven hundred, 1900 – nineteen hundred.

3. В десятичных дробях целая часть отделяется от дробной точкой, а не запятой и цифры после запятой произносятся отдельно: 0.05 zero point zero five, 5.05 – five point zero five.

4. Числа, обозначающие годы и десятилетия, произносятся так:

2000 – two thousand, 1903 – nineteen oh three, 1990 – nineteen ninety.

5.В простых дробях числитель читается как количественное числи-тельное, а знаменатель как порядковое.

Например: 1/3 – one/third; 1½ - one and a half.

6. В десятичных дробях, как правило, каждое число читается отдельно, а в простых дробях числитель читается как количественное числительное, а знаменатель - как порядковое.

Например: 1.25 – one point two five, 1.5 – one point five, 1.33 – one point three three; 1 ¾ - one and three quarters.

7.Проценты обозначаются символом % и пишутся “per cent”.

Например: 26% = twenty-six per cent.

More than 50% is the majority; less than 50% is the minority.

The Active Voice (действительный залог)

МАТЕРИЛЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ

Reading (Чтение)

Text 1.Read the text and answer the questions.

The English Language

English is a world language

It is a language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. It is a universal language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It is also the major language of diplomacy. Hundreds and hundreds of books, magazines and newspapers are printed in English and read all over the world. 75% of the world’s mail and 60% of the world’s telephone calls are in English. Half of the world’s scientific literature is written in English.

English is spoken by more than 350 million people. Geographically, it is the most widespread language on earth, second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it.

It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic. It is also spoken as a second language in many parts of India and Africa. The number of second language speakers may soon exceed the number of native speakers.

Besides, millions of people study and use English as a foreign language. In our country English is very popular: it is studied at schools (sometimes even at nursery schools), colleges and universities.

Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English today is absolutely necessary for every good specialist.

I want to know English because I have always been interested in foreign countries, their cultures and people.

Questions:

1. How many people speak English?

2. In what countries is English the official language (one of the official languages)?

3. Is English popular in Russia?

4. Is learning languages an easy thing?

5. It’s necessary for all of us to know English. Why?

6. When did you begin learning English?

7. Have you read any books in English?

8. How long have you been learning English?

9. What other languages would you like to know?

The English address system

Learn these words before you read the text:

vocative – обращение (лингвист.)

(Vocatives are words that you use in addressing people);

to address – обращаться к кому-либо

intimate – дружественный

to respect –уважать

if addressed to - если он обращен к

(She is helped to a chair. – Ей помогают сесть на стул.);

address system – система средств обращения.

Foreign students often think that English is a simple language. “Look how easy it is to address somebody in English”, they say. “There’s only one word – ‘you’. In my language it’s more difficult”.

The fact that the English language has only one form “you” doesn’t mean that Englishmen see no difference between friends, people they don’t know, people they respect and so on.

For example: “What time is it, John? Can become: “Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please? ” if addressed to a person you don’t know. Here is another example. A woman in a shop suddenly feels unwell and is helped to a chair. Her husband may ask: “Are you all right, dear? ” A person who doesn’t know her may say: “Are you all right? ” And the shop owner may ask: “Are you all right, madam? ”

The English address system has intimate, neutral and polite forms.

There are many different intimate vocatives. Among these there is the person’s first name. Other intimate vocatives are “dear”, “love”, “old boy”, “old man” etc. The word “old” here doesn’t really mean old. It simply shows you are friendly to a person.

It is difficult to give the rules which explain the use of the vocatives. The use of no vocative at all, as in “Are you all right? ”, is easier to explain. It is neutral.

A polite vocative is used to show some special respect. The polite vocatives are “madam” or “sir”, “Mr. Smith” or “Mr. Smith”, “ladies and gentlemen”. There are many other polite vocatives, for example, professional words such as “Doctor”, “Professor” and so on.

So the question of addressing a person in English is not so simple as it seems to be. Pay attention to these vocatives when you are speaking to an Englishman or reading an English dialogue. They are strange words, but very important for you.

Task I. Read the statements below and choose the one that best tells the main idea of the text.

1. It is difficult to learn how to use English vocatives.

2. English vocatives are very important for students of English.

3. In addressing people it is better for students of English to use the neutral style.

Task II. Say which of the following statements are true.

1. The English address system has:

a) neutral and intimate forms

b) neutral and polite forms

c) neutral, polite and intimate form.

2. ”Old boy” is:

a) a polite vocative

b) an intimate vocative

3. A polite vocative is used to show:

a) some special respect

b) friendliness

4. A shop owner usually uses the words:

a) old man

b) dear

c) sir, madam

To each his own

Learn these words and expressions before you read the text:

point of view – точка зрения;

from my point of view – с моей точки зрения;

differ – различаться, отличаться;

make an appointment – назначить встречу;

space – пространство;

inch – дюйм (=2, 5см);

to make lines – создавать очередь;

to be too close – держаться слишком близко.

Read the text. Guess the meaning of the words you don’t know. Read and think how you will translate the title of the text “To each his own”.

In some ways people all over the world are alike. They eat, they sleep, they work, they play, they laugh and cry. But in other ways they are different. The way they look at the world is different. Their points of view are different.

Let’s take time, for example. If a North American makes an appointment with someone in an office for 11.00 a.m., he will probably come to the office early – maybe about five minutes before eleven. He will tell the secretary that he has an appointment for 11.00 and will start to wait. But after ten minutes he will become uncomfortable. In many other countries it is different. If a person makes an appointment with someone for 11.00 a.m., there he may not come to the office until 11.15 or 11.30. He will not be surprised if he has to wait until 11.45. The idea of what is early and what is late differs from country to country.

We also have different ideas about space. North Americans like to stand about eighteen to twenty inches from each other when they talk. People from many other countries like to stand twelve to fourteen inches from each other when they talk. When a North American talks to someone from one of these countries, everyone feels uncomfortable. The North American thinks that the person is trying to be too close. The other person thinks that the North American is too unfriendly, too far away. The North American carries his “space” with him. When he stands in a line, he will stay about eighteen inches away from the next person, if it is possible. When he is on a bus, he will try to find a seat far from everyone. In many other countries people do not make lines when they wait for a bus. They stand in a group. When they sit on a bus, they sit close to each other.

In some countries the dinner table is the place where the father and mother talk while the children listen. In other countries the children talk and the mother and the father listen.

To express the idea that everyone has his own point of view, the English say, “To each his own”.

Task 1.List the following items in order they come in the text:

1. A North American who has an appointment usually comes five minutes earlier.

2. In many countries people don’t make lines when they wait for a bus.

3. People have different ideas about space.

4. In some ways people all over the world are alike.

5. The idea of what is early and what is late differs from country to country.

Task 2. Say which of the following statements are true:

1. North American will become uncomfortable if the person he has an appointment with is:

a) five minutes late;

b) ten Minutes late;

c) fifteen minutes late.

2. North Americans like to stand from each other:

a) about thirteen to fifteen inches;

b) about eighteen to twenty inches;

c) about thirty to forty inches.

3. When he is on a bus, a North American will try to find a seat:

a) close to a window;

b) close to other people;

c) far from everyone;

d) far from the door.

4. In some countries:

a) the father and the children talk while the mother listens;

b) the father and mother talk while the children listen;

c) the mother and the children talk while the father listens.

Text 4

English character

One of the most striking features of English life is the self-discipline and courtesy of people of all classes. There is little noisy behavior, and practically no loud disputing in the street. People do not rush excitedly for seats in buses or trains, but take their seats in queues at bus stops in a quiet and orderly manner.

Englishmen are naturally polite and are never tired of saying “Thank you”, “I’m sorry”, “Beg your pardon”. If you follow anyone who is entering a building or a room, he will hold a door open for you. Many foreigners have commented on a remarkable politeness of the English people.

English people don’t like displaying their emotions even in dangerous and tragic situations, and ordinary people seem to remain good tempered and cheerful under difficulties.

The Englishman does not like any boasting or showing off in manners, dress or speech. Sometimes he conceals his knowledge: a linguist, for example, may not mention his understanding of a foreigner’s language.

The Englishman prefers his house to an apartment in a block of flats, because he doesn’t wish his doing to be overlooked by his neighbors. “An Englishman’s house is his castle”.

Sunday is a very quiet day in London. All the shops are closed, and so are the theatres and most of the cinemas.

Londoners like to get out of town on Sundays. The sea is not far –only fifty or sixty miles away and people like to go down to the sea in summer or somewhere to the country for skiing in winter.

Text 5

American character

American society seems to be much more informal than the British and, in some ways, is characterized by less social distinction. Students do not rise when a teacher enters the room. One does not always address a person by his title, such as “Major” or “General” or “Doctor” in the case of a holder of a Doctor of Philosophy degree. The respectful “Sir” is not always used in the northern and western parts of the country.

However, it is best to use a person’s title when first meeting him/her, and then allow the person to tell you how he/she wishes to be called.

They use first names when calling each other, slap on the back, joke and are much freer in their speech, which is more slangy than the conventional British English. Your will often hear the word “Hi” (a form of greeting among friends) used instead of the usual “Hello”, and “Howdy” instead of “How do you do?

Those who don’t easily show these signs of friendship are called “snooty” or “snobbish”. In contrast, people who show such simple signs of friendship, particularly to their own economic and social inferiors, are praised as “regular guys”, or as “truly democratic”. As a description of character, democratic is generally used to signify that a person of high social or economic status acts in such a way that his or her inferiors are not reminded of their inferiority.

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