Система времен английского глагола в действительном залоге

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	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	I take	I am taking	I have taken	I have been taking
Past	I took	I was taking	I had taken	I had been taking
Future	I shall/will take	I shall/will be taking	I shall/will have taken	I shall/will have been taking

The Passive Voice (страдательный залог)

Глагол в страдательном залоге выражает действие, которое направлено на предмет или лицо, выраженное подлежащим (дом продается, статья переведена). Видовременные формы английского глагола в страдательном залоге образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем лице, числе и времени и третьей формы смыслового глагола (страдательного причастия, или Past Participle).

Например: The work will be done in time (Future Simple Passive).→ Работа будет сделана вовремя.

The letters are being answered (Present Continuous Passive). → На письма сейчас отвечают.

Употребление времен в страдательном залоге соответствует правилам употребления времен в действительном залоге. Формы Future Continuous и Perfect Continuous не употребляются в страдательном залоге и заменяются соответствующими формами группы Simple. Все возможные формы приведены в таблице времен глагола в страдательном залоге.

Существует несколько способов перевода английской конструкции страдательного (пассивного) залога на русский язык.

1. Соответствующей страдательной конструкцией:

Many pictures were destroyed by the fire. → Огнем было уничтожено много картин.

2. Возвратной формой глагола в соответствующем времени:

The house is being built in our street. → Дом строится на нашей улице.

3. Глаголом в действительном залоге в 3-м лице множественного числа с неопределенно-личным значением:

The question has been discussed. → Вопрос уже обсудили.

The child is being dressed. → Ребенка одевают.

4. Если в страдательном залоге указан носитель действия (by somebody), то при переводе может употребляться личная форма глагола действительного (активного) залога.

The news was brought by my sister. → Новость принесла моя сестра.

5. После ряда глаголов (to give, to help, to send, to tell, to show, to ask, to see, to teach) подлежащее в английском языке переводят существительным или местоимением в дательном или винительном падеже, а сказуемое – неопределенно-личной формой глагола.

My friend was asked to come to the party. → Моего друга попросили придти на вечер.

I wasn’t told about it. → Мне об этом не сказали.

6. Если сказуемое в страдательной конструкции выражено глаголом с предлогом, то подлежащее переводят дополнением с соответствующим предлогом, а сказуемое - неопределенно-личной формой.

The doctor has been sent for. → За доктором послали.

The child is being looked after. → За ребенком присматривают.

7. Некоторые глаголы, требующие беспредложного дополнения в английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим предложного дополнения в русском языке:

to enter	- входить в;
to join	- присоединяться к;
to answer	- отвечать на;
to affect	- воздействовать на;
to influence	- влиять на

и др.

My question was answered at once. → На мой вопрос сразу ответили.

These events were followed by a wave of strikes. → За этими событиями последовала волна забастовок.

8. Некоторые глаголы, требующие предложного дополнения в английском языке, соответствуют глаголам, требующим беспредложного дополнения в русском языке:

to listen to	- слушать;
to wait for	- ждать;
to touch upon	- затрагивать;
to entrust with	- поручать;
to account for	- объяснять и др.

His speech was listened to very attentively. → Его речь слушали очень внимательно.

9. Безличные конструкции переводят следующим образом:

It is known that…	Известно, что…
It is said that…	Говорят, что…
Is was expected that…	Ожидали, что…
It should be mentioned that…	Следует упомянуть, что…

Система времен английского глагола в страдательном залоге

	Present	Past	Future	Future in - the- Past
Indefinite	The letter is written.	The letter was written.	The letter will be written.	The letter would be written.
Continuous	The letter is being written.	The letter was being written.	-	-
Perfect	The letter has been written.	The letter had been written.	The letter will have been written.	The letter would have been written.

МАТЕРИЛЫ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ

АУДИТОРНОЙ И ВНЕАУДИТОРНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Данные материалы рекомендуются для ознакомительного чтения и как основа развития устной речи студентов.

Reading (Чтение)

Text 1.Read the text and answer the questions.

The English Language

English is a world language

It is a language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. It is a universal language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It is also the major language of diplomacy. Hundreds and hundreds of books, magazines and newspapers are printed in English and read all over the world. 75% of the world’s mail and 60% of the world’s telephone calls are in English. Half of the world’s scientific literature is written in English.

English is spoken by more than 350 million people. Geographically, it is the most widespread language on earth, second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it.

It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic. It is also spoken as a second language in many parts of India and Africa. The number of second language speakers may soon exceed the number of native speakers.

Besides, millions of people study and use English as a foreign language. In our country English is very popular: it is studied at schools (sometimes even at nursery schools), colleges and universities.

Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. It is a long and slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But to know English today is absolutely necessary for every good specialist.

I want to know English because I have always been interested in foreign countries, their cultures and people.

Questions:

1. How many people speak English?

2. In what countries is English the official language (one of the official languages)?

3. Is English popular in Russia?

4. Is learning languages an easy thing?

5. It’s necessary for all of us to know English. Why?

6. When did you begin learning English?

7. Have you read any books in English?

8. How long have you been learning English?

9. What other languages would you like to know?

Text 2. Read the text and do the tasks.

The English address system

Learn these words before you read the text:

vocative – обращение (лингвист.)

(Vocatives are words that you use in addressing people);

to address – обращаться к кому-либо

intimate – дружественный

to respect –уважать

if addressed to - если он обращен к

(She is helped to a chair. – Ей помогают сесть на стул.);

address system – система средств обращения.

Foreign students often think that English is a simple language. “Look how easy it is to address somebody in English”, they say. “There’s only one word – ‘you’. In my language it’s more difficult”.

The fact that the English language has only one form “you” doesn’t mean that Englishmen see no difference between friends, people they don’t know, people they respect and so on.

For example: “What time is it, John? Can become: “Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please? ” if addressed to a person you don’t know. Here is another example. A woman in a shop suddenly feels unwell and is helped to a chair. Her husband may ask: “Are you all right, dear? ” A person who doesn’t know her may say: “Are you all right? ” And the shop owner may ask: “Are you all right, madam? ”

The English address system has intimate, neutral and polite forms.

There are many different intimate vocatives. Among these there is the person’s first name. Other intimate vocatives are “dear”, “love”, “old boy”, “old man” etc. The word “old” here doesn’t really mean old. It simply shows you are friendly to a person.

It is difficult to give the rules which explain the use of the vocatives. The use of no vocative at all, as in “Are you all right? ”, is easier to explain. It is neutral.

A polite vocative is used to show some special respect. The polite vocatives are “madam” or “sir”, “Mr. Smith” or “Mr. Smith”, “ladies and gentlemen”. There are many other polite vocatives, for example, professional words such as “Doctor”, “Professor” and so on.

So the question of addressing a person in English is not so simple as it seems to be. Pay attention to these vocatives when you are speaking to an Englishman or reading an English dialogue. They are strange words, but very important for you.

Task I. Read the statements below and choose the one that best tells the main idea of the text.

1. It is difficult to learn how to use English vocatives.

2. English vocatives are very important for students of English.

3. In addressing people it is better for students of English to use the neutral style.

Task II. Say which of the following statements are true.

1. The English address system has:

a) neutral and intimate forms

b) neutral and polite forms

c) neutral, polite and intimate form.

2. ”Old boy” is:

a) a polite vocative

b) an intimate vocative

3. A polite vocative is used to show:

a) some special respect

b) friendliness

4. A shop owner usually uses the words:

a) old man

b) dear

c) sir, madam

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