Государственное устройство Великобритании, США и России.

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ThestatesystemofGreatBritain - ГосударственныйустройВеликобритании

3.16.1. Vocabulary.

1. monarchy ['mɔ nə kɪ ] - монархия

2. sovereign reigns - монарх царит

3. setoflaws - сводзаконов

4. comprise [kə m'praɪ z] - содержать в себе

5. servesformally -В формально выступает

6. neutral ['njuː tr(ə )l] - нейтральный

7. tobecrowned - бытькоронованным

8. alocalconstituency [kə n'stɪ tjuə n(t)sɪ ] - местныйизбирательныйокруг

9. vote - голосовать

10. pollingthelargestnumber - тот, который получил наибольшее количество голосов

11. scrutiny - внимательное изучение

12. peer - пэр (почетный титул в Великобритании)

13. hereditary - потомственный

14. archbishop - архиепископ

15. itactsratherasanadvisorycouncil - действует более как консультативный совет

16. alliance - союз

17. to take decisions - принимать решения

18. to be (responsible for) - быть ответственным (по)

19. 'shadow cabinet - " теневой кабинет"

20. to present an alternative programme - вносить альтернативную программу

The state system of Great Britain - Государственный устрой Великобритании

Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. The power of the Queen is limited by the Parliament. It means that the sovereign reigns but does not rule. Britain does not have a written constitution, but a set of laws. Parliament is the most important authority in. Britain. It comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Monarch in her constitutional role. In reality the House of Commons is the only one of the three, which has true power.

The Monarch serves formally as head of state. But the Monarch is expected to be politically neutral and should not make political decisions. The present sovereign of Great Britain is Queen Elizabeth II (the second). She was crowned in Westminster Abbey in 1953.

The House of Commons has 650 elected Members of Parliament (MPs), each representing a local constituency

They are elected by secret ballot. General elections are held every five years. The country is divided into 650 constituencies. All citizens aged 18 have the right to vote, but voting is not compulsory in Britain. The candidate polling the largest number of votes in a constituency is elected. The functions of the House of Commons are legislation and scrutiny of government activities. The House of Commons is presided over by the Speaker. The Government appoints the Speaker.

The House of Lords comprises about 1, 200 peers. It is presided over by the Lord Chancellor. The House of Lords is made up of hereditary and life peers and peeresses and the two archbishops and 24 most senior bishops of the established Church of England. The House of Lords has no real power. It acts rather as an advisory council.

There are few political parties in Great Britain thanks to the British electoral system. They are the Conservative Party, the Labour Party and the Liberal Democratic Alliance.Each political party puts up one candidate for each constituency. The one who wins the most votes is elected MP for that area. The party which wins the most seats in Parliament forms the Government. Its leader becomes the Prime Minister. As head of the Government the Prime Minister appoints ministers, of whom about 20 are in the Cabinet — the senior group which takes major policy decisions. Ministers are collectively responsible for government decisions and individually responsible for their own departments.

The second largest party forms the official Opposition, with its own leader and 'shadow cabinet'. The Opposition has a duty to criticise government policies and to present an alternative programme.

The new bills are introduced and debated in the House of Commons. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill it goes to the House of Lords to be debated. The House of Lords has the right to reject a new bill twice. But after two rejections they are obliged to accept it. And finally the bill goes to the Monarch to be signed. Only then it becomes a law.

Parliament is responsible for British national policy. Much legislation applies through out Britain. England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own legal systems with differences in law and practice.

Questions

1. What is the most important authority in Great Britain?

2. Is the Monarch expected to be politically active?

3. How are the Members of Parliament elected?

4. What are the main political parties in Great Britain?

5. What are the functions of the House of Commons?

Complete the sentences.

1. Great Britain is …………..

2. The House of Lords comprises about ………peers.

3. The new bills are introduced and debated in the …………...

4. There are few political parties in Great Britain. They are……….

5. Britain does not have a written constitution, but ………...

6. The House of Lords has the right to reject a new bill ……….

The political party system of Great Britain - Система политических партий Великобритании

Vocabulary

1. to date from - брать начало

2. seat - место

3. принципиально - главным образом

4. toberegistered - быть зарегистрированным

5. to be recognised - быть признанным

6. depend on - зависеть от

7. existence - существование

8. elections - выборы

9. support - поддержка

The political party system, dating from the late 17th century, is an important element in the working constitution. A number of parties win seats in the House of Commons, but Britain has functioned basically as a two-party system for more than a century. The major parties are: the Conservative party, the Labour party and the Liberal party. Political parties are neither registered nor formally recognised in law, but the system depends on the existence of at least two parties in the House of Commons, each of which can form a government.

Most candidates in elections and almost all-winning candidates belong to one or other of the main political parties.

The leader of the party which wins most seats at a general election, or which has the support of a majority in the new House of Commons forms a government. He or she becomes Prime Minister and chooses the ministers who will together form the Government.

In the general election of May 1, 1997, after 18 years of Conservative rule, the Labour Party won a victory and Tony Blair became Prime Minister.

Система политических партий, что берет свое начало с конца XVII, является важной составляющей конституции. Немало партий путем выборов занимают места в палате общин, и Британия более века остается, главным образом, двухпартийной страной. Основными партиями являются: консервативная партия, лейбористская и либеральная партии. Политические партии не регистрируются и не признаются законом, и система зависит от существования как минимум двух партий в палате общин, каждая из которых может сформировать правительство.

Большинство кандидатов на выборы, а потом и все избранные принадлежат к той или иной главной политической партии.

Лидер партии, которая набирает больше всего мест на всеобщих выборах или же имеет поддержку большинства в новоизбранной Палате общин, формирует правительство. Он или она становится премьер-министром и назначает министров, которые совместно формируют правительство.

На всеобщих выборах 1 мая 1997 года, после 18-летнего правления консервативной партии, победу одержала лейбористская партия, и Тони Блэр стал премьер-министром Великобритании.

Questions

1. What is an important element of the working constitution of Great Britain?

2. What are the major parties in the UK?

3. Are the political parties registered or recognised in law?

4. Who forms a government?

5. What party won the general elections in 1997?

3.16.6.

Political system of the USA

Read and translate the text

The United States of America is a parliamentary republic. The people rule the country through the representatives they elect. Today any citizen who is at least 18 years old can vote. The Constitution of the USA was written in 1787. It is the basis for its laws.

The United States has a federalist system. There are fifty states in the USA. Each state has its own government and there is a federal or national government. Each state has its own constitution and can collect taxes. But only the national government can print money.

The national government is divided into three branches. They are the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch.

The legislative branch is represented by the US Congress. The US Congress consists of two parts. They are the House of Representatives and the Senate. The congress's main function is to make laws. There are 100 senators (two from each state) and 435 representatives. The number of the representatives from each state depends on the size of the state's population. Senators are chosen for six years. But one-third is reelected or retired every two years.

The executive branch is headed by the President and his Administration. The president of the USA is the head of the country. The executive branch administers the laws. The executive branch consists of departments and agencies. The US President is elected for a 4-year term. The US President commands the armed forces, conducts foreign affairs, recommends laws to the Congress.

The judicial branch is headed by the US Supreme Court. The US Supreme Court has nine members. They are Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. They are appointed for life. The judicial branch interprets the laws and makes sure that new laws are in keeping with the Constitution.

Each branch has certain controls over other branches. The US Congress makes laws, but the President can veto a law, and the Supreme Court can decide that the law is unconstitutional.

There are two main political parties in the USA. They are the Democtatic Party and the Republican Party. The Democratic Party is symbolized by a " donkey." The Republican Party is symbolized by an " elephant." There are no clear differences between these parties. The Republicans are more conservative. They have more support among the upper classes. The Democrats are more liberal. They have more support among the working class and the poor.

Pronounce the following words and geographic names:

the United States of America (the USA) - СоединенныеШтатыАмерики

the US Congress - Конгресс Соединенных Штатов Америки

the Senate - Сенат

the US Supreme Court - ВерховныйСудСоединенныхШтатов

Chief Justice - председатель суда

parliamentary republic - парламентская республика

to rule - управлять

representative - представитель

to elect - выбирать

at least - по крайней мере

to vote - голосовать

law - закон

tax - налог

to print - печатать

to divide - разделять

function - функция

to depend on - зависетьот

to re-elect - перевыбирать

to retire - уходить в отставку

executive - исполнительный

legislative - законодательный

judicial - судебный

to head - возглавлять

to administer - управлять

department - министерство (амер.)

agency - учреждение

armed forces - вооруженные силы

to conduct - руководить

foreign affairs - иност. дела

to appoint - назначать

associate justice - помощниксудьи

to interpret - объяснять

certain - определенный

to veto - наложить вето

support - поддержка

the upper classes – аристократия

Answer the questions.

1. The USA is a parliamentary republic. What does it mean?

2. When was the Constitution of the USA written?

3. How many states are there in the USA?

4. How many parts is the national government divided into? What are they?

5. What is the US Congress? What does it consist of?

6. What is the main function of the US Congress?

7. How many senators and representatives are there in the US Congress?

8. What does the number of the representatives from each state depend on?

9.How many years are senators chosen for?

10, Who heads the executive branch?

11. What does the executive branch consist of?

12. For how many years is the US President elected?

13. What are the functions of the US President?

14. What is the third branch of the US government?

15. How many members does the US Supreme Court have? What are they?

16. How many years are the members of the US Supreme Court appointed for?

17. What are the functions of the judicial branch?

18. How many main political parties are there in the USA? What are they?

19. What is the symbol of the Democratic Party?

20. What is the symbol of the Republic Party?

21. What differences are there between the main parties of the USA?

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