A special vision of the world

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On many occasions

Elaborately worked landscapes

Примечание:

in view of – принимая во внимание, ввиду

Грамматический комментарий

Значения слова « one »

1. Количественное числительное «один»:

He speaks only one language – English.

2. Местоимение-существительное:

a) Для обозначения неопределенного лица в предложениях, соответствующих неопределенно-личным предложениям в русском языке. One в этом случае служит подлежащим:

One never knows what may happen tomorrow.

One в роли подлежащего часто употребляется с глаголами must, should, ought, can, may. В русском языке таким сочетаниям соответствуют слова надо, нужно, следует, можно:

One must remember that Constable never traveled outside England.

One может употребляться также в форме притяжательного падежа – one`s:

One must always keep one`s word.

b) One употребляется во избежание повторения ранее упомянутого существительного в е д и н с т в е н н о м числе, когда его следовало бы повторить с неопределенным артиклем:

I haven`t got a dictionary. I must buy one (= a dictionary).

c) Когда перед one стоит определенный артикль the, оно имеет значение тот,

та, то:

This book is more interesting than the one I read last week.

One употребляется после местоимений this, that, which, another, the other для замены ранее упомянутого исчисляемого существительного в единственном числе:

This portrait is better than that one.

Для замены существительного во множественном числе употребляется ones:

Here are some books. Which ones would you like?

Помните, что:

1. Ones не употребляется после other; для замены существительного во множественном числе употребляется форма others:

I like this portrait, but I don`t like the others.

2. One иногда употребляется после the first, the next, the last:

Mr. Jones was the first man I met in the village, and Tom was the last one.

3. One не употребляется после притяжательных местоимений my, his, her, our, your, their, за которыми всегда должно следовать существительное. Если же существительное не упоминается, то притяжательное местоимение употребляется в форме местоимения-существительного mine, his, hers, yours, theirs:

This isn`t my pencil, mine is blue.

4. One не употребляется после существительных в притяжательном падеже:

My landscape isn`t very good, Kate` s is much better.

From the History of Arts Square

In 1826, The Mikhailovsky Palace was built in the centre of St. Petersburg, under the supervision of the celebrated architect Carlo Rossi, as a present from Emperor Alexander I to his younger son Mikhail. The new palace astounded the capital`s residents and visitors with its beauty and rich decorations. In 1898 the building became the home of the Russian Museum, which to this day is famous for its masterpieces of painting, sculpture and decorative applied art.

The palace formed part of a large project for the development of the surrounding area: it is in those days that the idea of creating a whole architectural ensemble was conceived. After several years` work, Mikhailovsky Square had begun to appear on maps of St. Petersburg by the end of the 1820s.

Ten years later, in 1839, the Noble Assembly building was constructed to the design of P. Jacquot. The Great Hall, with its white colonnades, was particularly majestic, but its chief quality was, and still remains, its exceptional acoustics. It was in this hall that the public heard the first symphony concert by the Russian Musical Society, established in the Northern Capital in 1859.

In 1883, architect Alexander Bryullov completed the building of the Mikhailovsky Theatre. The faç ade, designed by Rossi, had become another highlight of the square`s architecture, and the interior of the theatre was remarkable for its spaciousness and comfort. Now the Mikhailovsky Opera and Ballet House is the second largest musical theatre in St. Petersburg.

The well-known Russian historian Nikolay Karamzin and his family lived at № 3, Mikhailovsky Square. His neighbour was Count Matvey Vielgorsky, whose home was frequented by figures from the world of literature and art. The house continued to be a meeting-place for the Northern Capital’s artistic intelligentsia for two centuries; in the early 20^th century it was the home of a popular art café called «The Stray Dog», where Vladimir Mayakovsky was a regular visitor.

In 1940 Mikhailovsky Square was given a new name – a justifiable one, in view of its history – Arts` Square (Площадь Искусств). The aspect of the square has altered since then, the building facades have been returned to their original appearance. The garden in the centre has also been renovated.

Слова для запоминания:

under the supervision - под наблюдением

celebrated - прославленный

to astound - поражать

surrounding area - окружающая территория

to create - создавать

to be conceived - зародиться

to the design - по проекту

exceptional acoustics - исключительная акустика

to complete - завершить

another highlight - еще одна достопримечательность

neighbour - сосед

to frequent - часто посещать

The Stray Dog - Бродячая Собака (название кафе)

justifiable - оправданный

in view of its history - имея в виду ее историю

original appearance - первоначальный вид

Грамматический комментарий

Оборот it is...that

Когда хотят сделать особое ударение на каком-нибудь члене предложения, его помещают в начале предложения между it is (was) и that (who, whom). При переводе этого оборота часто пользуются словами именно, этот, как раз.

Например: It was in this time, and in this atmosphere, that the rich people began to collect works of art.

It was by finding a solution to this problem that Italian art reached its greatest heights a generation later.

Найдите в тексте предложения с этим оборотом и переведите их.

Great Britain

Text 1. Read and answer.

How big was the British Empire?

Why was India important to Britain?

The British Empire

During the nineteenth century, Britain built up an empire of colonies which stretched into every continent. There were colonies or settlements in China, India, Africa, South America, the West Indies (the Carribian), Canada and Australasia. Maps of the world used the colour red to show the countries which were part of the British Empire and by 1914 a quarter of the countries in the world were coloured red on the maps. It was said that the sun never set on the British Empire, because at any time of day the sun was always shining on a British colony somewhere in the world.

Australia was discovered by Captain Cook, a British explorer, and was first used as a prison – criminals were sent to the new colony from Britain as a severe punishment. British explorers and missionaries opened up the route to Africa. Africa became very important for European and American merchants who bought and sold Africans as slaves. These slaves were shipped to the West Indies and North America to work on sugar, cotton and tobacco plantations. The cotton, sugar and tobacco were traded in London, and today London remains one of the most important centres for trading commodities. The profits of the slave trade were invested in banks and in industry, and were used to build railway and other transport systems in Britain. The trade from its colonies provided money for industrial development, and Britain became richer and more powerful.

India was a rich source of raw materials such as spices, diamond, rubber, tea and coffee. Britain could also sell manufactured products to India, and so profits from the trade with India were very important for Britain’s industrial development in the nineteenth century. Britain wanted India for itself, and called it the «Jewel in the Crown», in other words, the most precious possession in the Empire. British ships controlled the sea route to India, and countries on the route were carefully watched. This is why places such as South Africa and the Suez Canal (in Egypt) were important to the British. Britain needed to control these places to keep the route to India safe, and so protect trade.

If you visit India today, you will constantly be reminded of its past British connection. If you drink a cup of tea in England, think of India, and you will now understand why many British schools serve Indian food in the canteen at lunchtime, because a big empire leads to an exchange of habits, customs and people.

Today, almost all of the original countries of the Empire have gained their independence from Britain. Many agreed to stay together as a «family», in a union of countries called the Commonwealth. They share a history, the English language, common traditions and sporting ties.

Vocabulary:

to stretch - простираться

settlement - поселение

to discover - открывать

to explore - исследовать

prison - тюрьма

severe punishment - суровое наказание

merchant - купец

to ship - перевозить

trade - торговля

to remain - оставаться

commodities - товары

profit - прибыль

to provide - обеспечивать, давать

raw materials - сырье

spices - пряности

rubber - каучук

jewel - драгоценный камень, алмаз

precious - драгоценный

to watch - следить за, наблюдать

canteen - столовая (в школе, колледже и пр.)

exchange - обмен

habits - привычки

customs - обычаи

Text 2. Read and answer:

Do the people of Eire hold British passports?

Is Scotland part of the UK?

Is Northern Ireland part of Great Britain?

Physical features

The United Kingdom (or the UK) is a short way of saying the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It lies on the British Isles which is the geographical name for all the islands off the north-west of Europe. These islands also include the Republic of Ireland (Eire), which is politically independent of the British government. Many people refer to the inhabitants of the British Isles as «the English», but England is only one of the countries. Britain is actually four countries in one – England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The UK is the political name for those countries which share a parliament in London. All of them were at one time independent kingdoms with their own monarch. Now they are all part of the same kingdom and share the same monarch. The peoples of these countries are British subjects, they hold British passports and therefore their nationality is British.

Each country offers something quite different in the way of traditions, history, its people and their languages. All the countries except England have a second language inherited from the invaders in the distant past, Welsh being the one that is perhaps still spoken and sung most.

Britain is divided into 53 areas called counties. The counties around the capital, London, are known as the Home Counties. Different parts of Britain are often described in terms of compass points. A person may say, «I`m from the Midlands». Or it is possible to refer to an area in terms of its geographical features, for example, «The Lake District» or «The Welsh Valleys».

Vocabulary:

to include - включать

to depend - зависеть

independent - независимый

to refer to - ссылаться на, называть

inhabitants - жители, население

actually - фактически, в действительности

to share - пользоваться совместно, иметь что-либо общее

subjects - субъекты, подданные

to hold - держать, (зд. «иметь»)

therefore - следовательно, поэтому

to inherit - получить в наследство, наследовать

invader - захватчик

in terms of - используя, через (понятия), с точки зрения

Text 3. The British climate

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