Environmental Problems of Land Conservation

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Land conservation problems call for much the same measures that are aimed at improving the environment. Environmental problems crowd the farm land from several directions.

Some of the important problems arise because of the movement of undesirable odors, smoke and chemical substances. This tendency is known as air pollution.

Many large cities together with numerous rural areas are now plagued with air pollution problems. These are old problems. They are complicated and aggravated by adding the fumes from automobiles and the smoke and chemical wastes from manufacturing and smelting plants.

Some of the worst damage from chemical substances has been caused by the sulphur dioxide fumes given off by smelting plants. The smelter fumes may injure vegetation as far as 15 kilometres from the plant. High and increasing concentrations of sulphur and other chemicals in the air sooner or later have an effect on land fertility and plant growth.

The quality of farm may be also affected by water pollution, particularly by accumulation of heavy metals in the soils through waste disposal. Pollutants may be tied in with irrigation or excessive use of fertilizers. Excessive nutrients, salts, pesticides, organics in soils may limit the utility of the land. Water temperature increase from certain agricultural related activities may also damage the fertility of the soils.

Land can be conserved and pollution reduced in sereval ways – by prevention of erosion, and by providing measures to control transpiration and evaporation, stream regulations, storage reservoirs, diversion from surplus to shortage areas and reuse of water. Water conservation practices and control of sediment and pollution secure the wise use of land resources.

The State Land Use Control is responsible for land conservation measures by all users. The range of such activities are broadening all the time.

Задание 2. Задайте письменно один общий и три специальных вопроса к тексту.

Задание 3. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, заполняя пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами.

1. Works … be based on sound cadastral survey.

2. The students … use dictionaries at the translation test.

3. The land users … accept practices that do not damage the soils and permit their effective use.

4. You … control the temperature of the mixture.

Задание 4. Переведите письменно данные предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола.

1. This soil is good enough to cultivate it.

2. Knowing English well, he translated the text without a dictionary.

3. In considering the question don’t forget to use the latest information on the subject.

4. It is necessary to finish the construction of the new irrigation canal by the end of July.

5. Here is the article to be translated.

Задание 5. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. She delivered the report in English.

2. The students often see him in the library.

3. A land use planner makes different schemes for proper use of land.

Задание 6. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык.

1. Наши потребности в земельных ресурсах постоянно растут.

2. Специалист должен постоянно помнить, что для целей промышленности и транспорта следует отводить самые неплодородные земли.

3. Информация о земли включает землевладение, землепользование и потенциал земельных ресурсов.

Задание 7. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам.

invariably, recognizable, partner, limited, rural.

ВАРИАНТ II

Задание 1. Спишите данный текст и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

Soil Erosion

Soil erosion effects food production through land degradation. The damage of wind and water erosion is estimated by hundreds of millions of roubles. Dust storms may occur in some southern land areas, recurrent drought also often results in soil erosion. The wind erosion of soils takes place in some drier sections of our country.

In wet areas the degradation of soils is linked with accelerated run-off and increased silt load of the rivers, worsened flood hazard along their lower courses and accumulation of coarse material (sand, gravel) on top of valuable soils.

The proper use of soil resources calls for measures to keep the soils from being destroyed by wind and water. The development of techniques for extending the productive life of soils and for slowing down their rate of deterioration will bring the maximum use of these soils. Much may be done by land use planners.

The land resources of a collective farm may be actually reshaped in one way or another for better farming and levelled for more efficient irrigation, terraced to hold rainfall and strip cropped to save soil and water.

Poor or workout cropland can be converted to pasture or pasture to cropland. Many hectares of good rangeland must be wrested from worthless scrub and brush, reseeded, properly grazed, well watered.

The drains improve pasture and cropland. Ponds and marshes may be developed for wild life. A farm detention dam may be built and can catch and release safely what would otherwise be run-off of flood proportion.

The planners can project tree shelterbelts and strip cropping for wind and water erosion control. These may be created singly and in combinations. Modern techniques of land management must be put into operation for the sake of land conservation and increase the opportunities of the farms.

Changes in farming, developments in machinery, rising requirements of capital investment, the wide use of fertilizers and soil conservation practices call for many skills and technically sound practices of specialists of land use planning.

Задание 2. Задайте письменно один и три специальных вопроса к тексту.

1. Crops … grow well if there is not enough water in the soil.

2. You … take my book, I don’t need it.

3. The planners … know all the factors that influence land uses.

4. If he doesn’t know how to translate the phrase he … ask the teacher.

Задание 4. Переведите письменно данные предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола.

1. To get high yields we must irrigate this soil.

2. Having been translated into many languages the book became world famous.

3. I understand the importance of learning English.

4. The plant must provide the necessary equipment for the farmers to do the work in time.

5. Protecting the environment from pollution, people improve the living conditions.

1. The will build the house in a month.

2. We ask a lot of questions at the lesson.

3. Centres fix shops, schools, churches etc.

Задание 6. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык.

1. Земельные ресурсы составляют богатство нашего государства.

2. Земли для выращивания сельскохозяйственных культур должны быть достаточно плодородны.

3. Землеустроитель может дать правильные ответы на многие вопросы.

Задание 7. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам.

lose, irrespective, advantage, helpful, transportable.

ВАРИАНТ III

Задание 1. Спишите данный текст и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

Soil Conservation Plan

The development and application of a comprehensive soil conservation plan involve four steps.

First, from soil survey data that have been gathered on a hectare-by-hectare basis, a land capability map is prepared for the farm. The map is superimposed on an aerial photograph of the land surface.

The soil survey data to identify soil types, slope, extent of made that classifies each parcel of land as to the uses to which it may be put safely and productively and the intensity of treatment required.

From this a conservation plan is developed. It provides for the use and treatment within its need and capabilities. In developing the plan the land use planner considers various alternatives of land use and treatment. It includes what he plans to do with the soil and water and what he hopes to accomplish in conservation and use of the cultivated land, grassland, and woodland.

The third step is the application of the measures of the plan. The engineers and technicians assist in laying out the drainage and water disposal systems, irrigation systems, farm ponds, terrace systems, diversions and waterways, contouring and strip cropping.

Since the conservation program needs to be maintained, a fourth type of aid to uses comes in the form of guidance and help in keeping the conservation plan in operation.

Задание 2. Задайте письменно один и три специальных вопроса к тексту.

1. All agricultural soils … have some organic matter and some mineral matter.

2. You … go to the Agency by bus.

3. Why … he land use planners take care of air pollution?

4. You … get this book from the library.

Задание 4. Переведите письменно данные предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола.

1. In a week we shau begin to irrigate this area.

2. When speaking about the new project the lecturer showed a map.

3. Reading this book, I did not use any dictionary.

4. They consider him to become a good engineer.

5. The students developed their speaking skills through practicing their English every year.

1. He can easily translate this article.

2. They teach us Geodesy at the University.

3. People don’t use this road very often.

Задание 6. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык.

1. Мы должны помнить, что земельные ресурсы не беспредельны.

2. Говоря об охране почв, необходимо прежде всего точно определить, какие мероприятия следует проводить и в каком порядке.

3. Эффективное землеустройство невозможно без информации о земле.

Задание 7. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам.

directly, private, disagreement, convenience, unknown.

ВАРИАНТ IV

Задание 1. Спишите данный текст и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

What is Soil Conservation?

Soil conservation is the application on the land of all necessary measures in proper combinations to build up and maintain soil productivity for efficient, abundant agricultural production on a sustained basis.

Soil conservation, therefore, means proper land uses, protecting the land against all the forms of soil deterioration. It is rebuilding eroded and depleted soils, conserving moisture for plant use. It includes proper agricultural drainage and irrigation where needed and other measures which contribute to maximum practical yields and conserve the soils for future uses – all at the same time.

With proper management, most soil resources can be used and still retain their productive capacity over long periods of time. The problem of conserving these resources is thus one of accepting practices that permit their effective use while at the same time safeguarding their productive capacity over time. Soil conservation is a matter of good land use and management.

The State Land Use Planning provides a system of using and managing land based on the capabilities of the land itself, involving the application of the best measures or practices known, and designed to result in the greatest production without damage to the land. The State Land Use Control of Land Uses has to secure the wise uses of soil resources. The land users must show care in selecting their production practices so as to secure the practicable return. They also must show comparable care in choosing and timing the conservation investments and practices which are used to build up and maintain the productivity of soils.

The State Land Use Control provides the control of all the land uses. The land users should accept practices that do not damage the soils and permit their effective use. To build up and maintain the productivity of the soils is their prime concern.

A special problem arises with soil erosion. Rapid soil destruction means irreparable loss of land at least as far as cropping is concerned. Soil conservation is directed against the destructive effects of wind and water. The land use planners should keep the soils in such shape that they would remain productive as long as possible.

Задание 2. Задайте письменно один и три специальных вопроса к тексту.

1. If you want to plant a tree you … dig the ground, loosen it and water it.

2. I … return the book to the library.

3. The planners … projekt tree shelterbelts and strip cropping for wind and water erosion control.

4. I … Find this material only yesterday.

Задание 4. Переведите письменно данные предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола.

1. The scientists worked mush to improve soil fertility.

2. Being used for different purposes, these plants are cultivated in many countries.

3. We translated the text without using a dictionary.

4. The construction of the new irrigation canal is to be finished by the end of August.

5. There are different ways of solving this problem.

1. They discussed this problem at the meeting.

2. People speak English all over the world.

3. The Circumferential route connects the various parks and open spaces streets and avenues.

Задание 6. Переведите предложения с русского на английский язык.

1. Землеустроитель должен знать потенциальные возможности каждого вида землепользования.

2. Существуют некоторые общие проблемы восстановления и улучшения земель.

3. Разработка землеустроительных документов связана с оценкой земли.

Задание 7. Подберите антонимы к следующим словам.

narrow, legal, subordinate, fortunately, reclaimable.

ВАРИАНТ V

Задание 1. Спишите данный текст и переведите его письменно на русский язык.

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