FUNCTION (n) функция The role played by an element within a sentence and its structural relationship to other elements.

- STRUCTURAL FUNCTION служебная функция The function of a Ž structural word.

FUNCTION WORD Ž F0RM WORD

FUTURE TENSE Ž TENSE

 

G

 

GENDER ['Gendq] (n) род A grammatical Ž category reflecting the classification of objects roughly corresponding to the two sexes & sexlessness ( Ž masculine, Ž feminine & Ž neuter). Gender in English applies strictly only to certain pronouns, e.g. It affects the form of the 3rd person singular of the personal pronouns.

GENERIC [Gi'nerik] FUNCTION OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE родовая (обобщающая) функция определенного артикля The function of the definite article enabling the noun to denote a whole range of members of a given class, e.g. The whale is a mammal not a fish.

GENITIVE Ž CASE Ž GENITIVE CASE

- ABSOLUTE GENITIVE независимый родительный The Genitive used without its head noun, e.g. The butcher’s is next. Alternative term: independent genitive.

- GROUP GENITIVE групповой родительный The use of the ‘s inflection with a phrase, e.g. Lucy and Dick’s aunt.

- LOCATIVE ['lOkqtiv] GENITIVE локатив, местный родительный A Genitive case form indicating the location at which an action takes place, e.g. at the dentist’s.

- OBJECTIVE [qb'Gektiv] GENITIVE родительный объекта The Genitive case form transformationally related to the object of the sentence, e.g. the murderer's arrest.

- PARTITIVE ['pRtitiv] GENITIVE партитив, количественный родительный The use of the Genitive case in the meaning 'one of many', e.g. a friend of my brother's.

- SUBJECTIVE [sqb'Gektiv] GENITIVE родительный деятеля The Genitive case form transformationally related to the subject of the sentence, e.g. Ann’s sorrow.

GERUND Ž NON-FINITE

GERUNDIAL CONSTRUCTION Ž CONSTRUCTION Ž PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION

GOVERN (v) управлять То determine the morphological form of a word, e.g. a preposition can govern the Objective case form of a personal pronoun – ‘to her’.

GOVERNMENT (n) управление The determination of the morphological form of one word by another word.

GRAMMAR (n) грамматика In its widest sense, the term ‘grammar’ refers to generalized statements of the regularities and irregularities in language.

GRAMMATICAL MEANING грамматическое значение The meaning which indicates the formal relationship between words in a sentence or phrase.

 

H

 

HALF-GERUND (n) полугерундий An ‘-ing’ form preceded by a personal noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case which is intermediate between participle I and the gerund, e.g. I rely on Jack (him) doing it on time. Alternative term: merged participle.

HEAD (n) ведущий компонент A word which is syntactically dominant in a group and could have the same syntactic function as the whole group if it stood alone, e.g. incredibly beautiful.

HISTORIC(AL) PRESENT Ž DRAMATIC PRESENT (2)

HOMOGENEOUS [" hOmq'GJnjqs] (adj) однородный Of the same structural type.

HOMONYM ['hOmqnIm] (n) омоним One of two or more words which are identical in sound, but different in meaning, e.g. ‘rest’ = remainder, ‘rest’ = to relax.

 

I

 

IMPERATIVE [Im'perqtiv] (n) императив, повелительное наклонение A Ž mood form of the verb expressing a command, e.g. Stand up!

IMPERSONAL (adj) безличный With no reference to a particular subject, e.g. It is freezing.

IMPLICIT [Im'plisit] (adj) имплицитный, подразумеваемый Implied though not expressed formally, e.g. in ‘I would go there’ the condition is implicit.

INANIMATE [In'xnImqt] NOUN неодушевленное существительное A noun denoting a lifeless object, e.g. room, idea.

INDEFINITE ARTICLE Ž ARTICLE

INDEFINITE PERSONAL SUBJECT Ž SUBJECT

INDEFINITE PRONOUN неопределенное местоимение A pronoun which does not refer to a definite person or thing, e.g. anybody, everything.

INDEPENDENT ELEMENT независимый элемент предложения A word or phrase, usually an Ž interjection оr Ž exclamation, which has no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence in which it functions, e.g. Well, what about it?

INDICATIVE [In'dikqtiv] (n) индикатив, изъявительное наклонение A Ž mood form of the verb stating a fact, e.g. He reads much.

INDIRECT SPEECH косвенная речь The paraphrasing of an utterance without quoting verbatim the actual words used by the original speaker. Alternative term: reported speech.

INFINITIVE (n) инфинитив A form of the verb which is not limited by Ž -person, Ž number or Ž tense; the form usually listed in dictionaries, e.g. To see is to believe.

- BARE INFINITIVE инфинитив без частицы An infinitive standing alone, without the particle ‘to’.

- INDEFINITE INFINITIVE неопределенная форма инфинитива А non-perfect, non-continuous, non-passive infinitive, e.g. to write.

- SPLIT INFINITIVE расщепленный инфинитив A construction in which an Ž adverbial or other Ž adjunct is embedded between the two parts of an infinitive, e.g. She was told to regularly attend classes.

- ‘TO’-INFINITIVE инфинитив с частицей tо, e.g. to think.

INFLECTION (n) флексия, окончание An affix added to the root of a word to determine and limit its grammatical significance, e.g. the plural morpheme 's' (hats), tense morphemes: look - looked. Alternative term: ending.

‘ING’ FORM инговая форма A name given by some grammarians to the gerund and participle I.

INSTRUMENTAL [Instru'mentl] (n) творительный падеж A case form in some inflected languages denoting the agent or the origin of an action.

INTENSIFIER (n) усилитель An Ž adverbial of degree which intensifies the meaning of a word, e.g. extremely lucky.

INTERJECTION [Intq'ZekSn] (n) междометие An indeclinable word which has no syntactic relationship with other forms, and which is used in an exclamation to express emotion, e.g. Ugh!; Bother!

INTERROGATIVE [" Intq'rOgativ] SENTENCE вопросительное предложение A sentence type which is one way of expressing a question, e.g. Are you going?

INTRANSITIVE [In'trxnsitiv] VERB непереходный глагол A verb which makes complete sense on its own without an Ž object, e.g. Time elapsed.

INTRODUCTORY = ANTICIPATORY

INVERSION Ž WORD ORDER

IRREGULAR VERB неправильный глагол A verb which exhibits certain forms which do not coincide with a particular paradigm considered as the norm for that type, e.g. sing - sang - sung.

IRREGULAR PLURAL нестандартная форма множественного числа А plural form which does not conform to the majority of nouns forming the plural by adding ‘-s’ e.g. men, oxen, phenomena.

ITEM (n) единица A linguistic form which can be isolated and quoted as part of a list.

L

 

LINK (n) глагол-связка A verb such as ‘be, seem, become, look’, etc which relates the Ž subject to the predicative, e.g. He is a teacher; It got worse and worse. Alternative term: copula, link(ing) verb.

 

M

 

MARKER (n) знак, показатель A special feature of a linguistic unit which indicates its class and function, e.g. the -s marker may indicate plurality.

MASCULINE ['mxskjulin] (adj) мужской (род) Of the Ž gender to which names of males normally belong, e.g. his.

MEMBER OF THE SENTENCE = PART OF THE SENTENCE

MIXED (adj) смешанный Having characteristics of more than one type.

MODAL ['moudl] (adj) модальный Expressing a speaker’s attitude to what he is saying.

- MODAL VERB модальный глагол A semi-notional verb used to express Ž modality such as optative, obligative, etc. e.g. can, dare, may.

- MODAL WORD модальное слово An Ž independent element used to express Ž modality, often homonymous with a ‘-ly’ adverb, e.g. practically, certainly, maybe.

MODALITY [mou'dxliti] (n) модальность The way in which a speaker can express his attitude towards a situation in interpersonal communication, usually realised by modal verbs and modal words.

MODIFIER ['modifaiq] (n) модификатор, определение An Ž adjunct which limits or qualifies a Ž head word, e.g. the four tall boys; to cry bitterly.

MODIFY ['mOdifai] (v) модифицировать, определять То be used as a modifier.

MONOSYLLABIC (n) односложное слово A word of one syllable, e.g. hot.

MOOD (n) наклонение A grammatical category of the verb which expresses a speaker’s attitude to what he is saying. The Ž indicative, Ž imperative and Ž subjunctive moods are distinguished.

MORPHEME ['mLfJm] (n) морфема A minimum distinctive unit of grammar, e.g. in ‘cats’ ‘cat’ is a Ž root morpheme and ‘s’ represents a Ž plural morpheme.

MORPHOLOGY [mL'fOlqGi] (n) морфология A branch of grammar concerned with the study and analysis of the structure, forms and classes of words.

MULTIPLE CLAUSE STRUCTURE многоступенчатая сложноподчиненная структура A Ž complex sentence with Ž consecutive subordination, e.g. We cancelled our plans to go out, because it looked as though it might snow.

MULTITUDE ['mAltitjHd] NOUN существительное множественности A subclass of Ž collective nouns denoting a great number of people or animals gathered together, e.g. people, cattle.

MUTATED [mjH'teitid] PLURAL умляутированная форма множественного числа A plural formed by vowel change, e.g. men, geese.

 

N

 

NEUTER ['njHtq] (adj) средний (род) Neither Ž masculine nor Ž feminine, e.g. it.

NOMINAL ['nOminql] (adj) Of a noun or nouns.

NOMINATIVE ['nOminqtiv] (n) именительный A case form usually indicating that the noun in question is functioning as the subject of a sentence. It is usually considered the first case and is the form which appears in dictionaries.

NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE = ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTION

NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE Ž CONSTRUCTION Ž FREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION

NOMINATIVE WITH THE PARTICIPLE Ž CONSTRUCTION Ž PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION

NON-ANAPHORIC (adj) неанафорический Having no reference back to an Ž antecedent.

NON-COUNT Ž NOUN Ž UNCOUNT(ABLE) NOUN

NON-DEFINING = NON-RESTRICTIVE

NON-FINITE VERB FORM неличная форма глагола A form of the verb which is not limited by Ž person, Ž number or primary Ž tense, e.g. Ž participle, Ž gerund, Ž infinitive. Alternative term: verbal.

NON-RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE неограничительное придаточное An attributive clause which gives additional information about some element in the sentence but which is not essential to the general meaning of the sentence, e.g. Mr Smth. who used to be my teacher, is coming tomorrow. Non-restrictive clauses are usually set off from the rest of the sentence by means of commas.

NOTIONAL WORD знаменательное слово A word which has a full lexical meaning of its own, e.g. nouns, verbs, as opposed to a Ž form word.

NOUN (n) существительное A part of speech denoting or naming a person, thing or concept, e.g. man; door; fact.

- ABSTRACT NOUN абстрактное, отвлеченное существительное A noun referring to a non-material concept, e.g. happiness, as opposed to a Ž concrete noun.

- COLLECTIVE NOUN собирательное существительное A noun which refers to a group of persons, things or ideas, e.g. family, crockery, tidings.

- COMMON NOUN имя нарицательное A noun designating a general class of objects or objects rather than an individual or personal name, e.g. chair, idea, as opposed to a Ž proper noun.

- CONCRETE ['kLNkrJt] NOUN конкретное существительное A noun referring to a material object, e.g. table, animal.

- COUNT(ABLE) NOUN исчисляемое существительное A noun that can be used both in the singular and plural, e.g. book, remark.

- FACTIVE NOUN фактивное существительное An abstract noun capable of functioning as Ž antecedent of an Ž appositive attributive clause, e.g. idea, reply, fact.

- PROPER NOUN имя собственное The name of an individual person, place or object, e.g. Mary, London, as opposed to a Ž common noun.

NUMERAL (n) числительное A word denoting a number or quantity.

- CARDINAL NUMERAL количественное числительное A numeral answering the question ‘How many? ’, e.g. one, hundred. Alternative term: number.

- ORDINAL NUMERAL порядковое числительное A numeral indicating the order in a sequence, e.g. first, fifty second.

O

 

OBJECT (n) дополнение Any Ž complement excluding the one functioning as a Ž predicative, e.g. I’ll do it for you.

- DIRECT OBJECT Ž DIRECT

- INDIRECT OBJECT косвенное дополнение An object denoting the person or thing for whom or on whose behalf an action is carried out, e.g. He gave me the book.

OBJECTIVE [qb'Gektiv] case объектный падеж An oblique case form of personal and some other classes of pronouns, e.g. me, whom, as opposed to the Ž Nominative case, e.g. I, who.

OBJECTIVE INFINITIVAL CONSTRUCTION объектная инфинитивная конструкция A Ž complex object whose second component is expressed by an Ž infinitive, e.g. I saw him cross the street. Alternative term: Accusative with an infinitive.

OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION объектная причастная конструкция A Ž complex object whose second component is expressed by a Ž participle, e.g. I saw him crossing the street. Alternative term: Accusative with a participle.

OBJECTIVE PREDICATIVE Ž COMPLEMENT Ž OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT

OBJECTIVE VERB объектный глагол A verb which requires one or two objects, e.g. I know her well; It depends on you.

ONE-MEMBER SENTENCE односоставное предложение A sentence comprising one member which is neither the subject nor the predicate, e.g. Silence. Then a knock.

- ONE-MEMBER INFINITIVE SENTENCE односоставное инфинитивное предложение A one-member sentence whose main part is expressed by an Ž infinitive or infinitive phrase, e.g. To have his friendship, his admiration, but not at that price.

 

P

 

PARENTHESIS [pq'renTisis] (n) ( pl PARENTHESES [pq'renTisJz]) парентеза, вводный член A word, phrase or clause inserted into a sentence modifying a particular part of the sentence without adding to or changing its basic structure, e.g. Fortunately, he was out.

PARENTHETICAL [" pxrqn'Tetikql] (adj) вводный Functioning as a Ž parenthesis.

PART OF SPEECH часть речи A lexico-grammatical word class (the noun, the verb, etc).

PART OF THE SENTENCE член предложения A constituent of a sentence, e.g. a Ž subject, a Ž predicate, a Ž complement, etc.

PARTICIPIAL [" pRti'sipjql] (adj) причастный Referring to a Ž participle.

PARTICIPLE ['pRtsipl] (n) причастие A Ž non-finite form of the verb which has certain characteristics of a verb and adjective (participle I, participle II).

PARTICLE (n) частица An invariable part of speech used for specification and emphasis, e.g. even, too.

PASSIVE Ž VOICE

PATTERN (n) модель A systematic arrangement of elements according to the regularities found in the language.

PERFECT (n) перфект A Ž secondary tense form of the verb expressed by the auxiliary ‘have’ + participle II of the main verb denoting an action prior of the moment of speaking or to the time of another action, e.g. has written, had tried.

PERSON (n) лицо A grammatical category relating interlocutors one to another (the 1^st person denotes the speaker, the 2^nd person the listener, the 3^rd person people or things other than the speaker or listener).

PERSONAL PRONOUN личное местоимение A Ž pronoun referring to one of the categories of Ž person such as ‘I, he, she, they’ etc as well as their inflected forms ‘me, him, her, them’, etc.

PHRASAL VERB фразовый глагол A verb forming a combination with a Ž postposition, e.g. get up, catch on.

PHRASE (n) словосочетание A grammatical unit consisting of one or more words which is higher in rank than word and of lower rank than clause, e.g. very well, a good book, him cross.

PLURAL (n) множественное число Number, referring to more than one.

POLYSYLLABIC ['pOlisi'lxbik] (n) многосложное слово A word consisting of more than one syllable, e.g. popular.

POSSESSIVE Ž CASE Ž GENITIVE CASE

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN притяжательное местоимение A pronoun indicating possession. There are two forms of possessive pronouns: Ž conjoint, e.g. my, your, and Ž absolute, e.g. mine, yours.

POSITIVE DEGREE Ž DEGREE OF COMPARISON

POSTDETERMINER (n) постдетерминатив A word which can occur between the article and the noun it modifies, e.g. the first man.

POSTPONEMENT (n) [pOust'pounmqnt] оттяжка A device consisting in removing an element from its normal position, and placing it towards or at the end of the sentence, e.g. It is a pity to make a fool of oneself.

POSTPOSITION (n) постпозитив A functional component of a Ž phrasal verb which is mainly a place adverb, e.g. get up, find out.

PREDETERMINER ['prJdi'tWminq] (n) предетерминатив A word or group of words which can occur in front of an article or other Ž determiner in a noun phrase, e.g. all the men.

PREDICATE ['predikit] (n) сказуемое A verb or verb phrase, with or without a complement, functioning as one of the two fundamental constituents of a sentence, (e.g. The black cat caught the mouse), the other being the subject.

- SIMPLE VERBAL PREDICATE простое глагольное сказуемое А predicate expressed by a finite form of verbs, group-verbs included. It denotes an action, e.g. He smiled; She took no notice of it.

- COMPOUND NOMINAL PREDICATE составное именное сказуемое А predicate consisting of a Ž link and a Ž predicative which denotes the state or quality of the person or thing expressed by the subject, e.g. He is lucky; The silence grew long.

- COMPOUND VERBAL ASPECT(IVE) PREDICATE составное глагольное аспектное сказуемое A predicate consisting of a Ž finite form of verbs of starting, stopping and continuing and a Ž non-finite form (an infinitive or gerund, rarely a participle) of the main verb, e.g. It started to rain. He went on eating.

- COMPOUND VERBAL MODAL PREDICATE составное глагольное модальное сказуемое A predicate consisting of a modal verb or its equivalent and an infinitive of the main verb, e.g. You must do it; Who is to do the job?

PREDICATION (n) предикативность The relationship between the Ž subject and the Ž predicate.

PREDICATIVE [pri'dikqtiv] (n) предикатив A nominal part of a compound nominal predicate expressed by a noun, adjective or other nominal part of speech, e.g. He is a student; You seem tired.

PREDICATIVE CLAUSE придаточное предикативное A clause functioning as predicative, e.g. That’s what I want.

PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTION Ž CONSTRUCTION

PREFIX ['prJfiks] (n) приставка An Ž affix which is added to the front of a Ž root or astern, e.g. unlikely.

PREPOSITION [" prepq'ziSqn] (n) предлог А Ž form word used together with a noun phrase to show the relationship between that phrase and other words in the sentence, e.g. She went with me.

PREPOSITIONAL (adj) предложный Of, like or containing a preposition.

PRESENT TENSE Ž TENSE

PRIMARY PREDICATION первичная предикация The relationship between the Ž subject and Ž predicate when the latter is expressed by a Ž finite verb form.

PRINCIPAL PART главный член The Ž subject and the Ž predicate.

PAST

PRIMARY TENSES = PRESENT INDEFINITE

FUTURE

PRONOUN ['prOunaun] (n) местоимение A part of speech denoting substances, qualities, quantities, circumstances, etc. not by naming or describing them but by indicating them. Pronouns can be Ž substitutes (e.g. it, each), Ž determiners (e.g. this, that), Ž predeterminers (e.g. all, such), postdeterminers (e.g. many, several).

PROPER NAME Ž NoUN Ž PROPER NOUN

PROP-WORD (n) слово-субститут A word such as a Ž pronoun which serves to replace another word for the purpose of back Ž reference, e.g. I don't want this, have you got another one?

PROXIMITY [prq'ksimiti] RULE правило соседства The adjustment of the verb form functioning as the predicate to the noun or pronoun which closely precedes it, instead of the head word of the phrase acting as the subject, e.g. No one except his own supporters agree with him.

 

Q

 

QUALITATIVE ['kwOlitqtiv] (adj) качественный Of, or pertaining to quality.

QUANTIFIER ['kwOntifaiq] (n) количественный показатель A word or expression used in noun phrases to show the amount, e.g. many trees, a lot of time.

QUANTITATIVE ['kwOntItqtiv] (adj) количественный Of, or pertaining to quantity.

QUESTION = INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

- DISJUNCTIVE QUESTION разделительный вопрос A question containing an interrogative formula appended to the part built after the pattern of a Ž declarative sentence, e.g. It is right, isn’t it? Alternative term: tag question.

- GENERAL QUESTION общий вопрос A question requiring the answer ‘Yes’ or ‘No’, e.g. Do you like music?

- SPECIAL QUESTION специальный вопрос A question opening with an interrogative word, e.g. Who lives in this house? Alternative term: WH-question.

RECIPROCAL [ri'siprqkql] PRONOUN взаимное местоимение A pronoun expressing mutual relationship, e.g. each other.

REFERENCE (n) референция, соотнесение The relationship between a Ž referent (e.g. a concrete entity or an abstract concept) and the symbol which is used to identify it.

- NON-UNIQUE REFERENCE неединичная референция Reference which is not confined to a single object.

REFERENT ['rqfqrqnt] (n) референт The physical entity or abstract concept to which we give a name by a verbal or written symbol.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN возвратное местоимение A pronoun which refers back to the subject, e.g. myself; themselves.

RELATIVE ['relqtiv] CLAUSE придаточное относительное А subordinate clause introduced by a Ž relative pronoun or adverb, e.g. This is the place where he was born.

RELATIVE PRONOUN относительное местоимение A pronoun such as ‘who, whom, whose, which, that’ which refers back to a previous word in the sentence, e.g. ‘that’ in ‘The house that Jack built’ refers to ‘the house’.

RELATIVE TENSES Ž PERFECT Ž SECONDARY TENSES

REPLACER (n) ЗАМЕСТИТЕЛЬ A Ž substitute which replaces a noun or a whole noun phrase, e.g. Ž personal pronouns, Ž reflexive pronouns, Ž indefinite pronouns is ‘-body, -thing, -one’, etc.

REPORTED CLAUSE придаточное дополнительное в косвенной речи An object clause used in Ž reported speech which is a periphrasis of the Ž utterance made in Ž direct speech, e.g. He said he would come.

REPORTED SPEECH Ž INDIRECT SPEECH

REPORTING VERB глагол, вводящий косвенную речь A verb which introduces Ž reported speech, e.g. He said he would come.

REPRESENTER (n) репрезентант А Ž substitute which stands for the noun phrase it itself introduces, e.g. This car is old but that (car) is new.

RESTRICTIVE CLAUSE ограничительное придаточное An attributive clause which specifies an Ž antecedent, e.g. The boy who was sitting by the window caught a cold. Alternative term: defining/identifying clause.

ROOT (n) корень А Ž morpheme within a word which carries the main lexical Information.

 

S

 

SECONDARY PART второстепенный член The Ž object, Ž adverbial modifier, Ž attribute.

SECONDARY PREDICATE вторичное сказуемое The predicate of a secondary predicative construction, e.g. I saw him cross the street.

SECONDARY PREDICATION вторичная предикация The relationship between the Ž secondary subject and Ž secondary predicate in a Ž predicative construction.

SECONDARY SUBJECT вторичное подлежащее The subject of a Ž secondary predicative construction, e.g. I saw him cross the street.

PAST

SECONDARY TENSES = PRESENT PERFECT

FUTURE

SEMI-AUXILIARY (n) полузнаменательный глагол A verb used in the Ž finite form in a Ž compound predicate, e.g. She is a student; He must come.

SEMI-NOTIONAL (n) = SEMI-AUXILIARY

SENTENCE (n) предложение The largest grammatical unit consisting of Ž phrases and of Ž clauses, used as a means of communication.

- EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE = EXCLAMATION

- EXTENDED SENTENCE распространенное предложение A sentence consisting both of Ž principal and Ž secondary parts, e.g. I know it.

- NEGATIVE SENTENCE отрицательное предложение A sentence usually comprising a negator, e.g. He won't tell the truth.

- UNEXTENDED SENTENCE нераспространенное предложение A sentence containing only Ž principal parts, e.g. It is raining.

SENTENCE WORD слово-предложение A single word functioning as a sentence, e.g. Yes; Alas!; Good-bye.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES согласование времен The conditioning of the tense to be used in a subordinate clause by the tense in the main clause, e.g. He asked me whether I wanted to come.

SIMPLE PAST Ž TENSE Ž PAST TENSE

SINGULAR (n) единственное число Number, referring to not more than one.

STATEMENT утвердительное предложение A sentence expressing an assertion or a hypothesis as opposed to a Ž question or a command, e.g. He always comes late. Alternative term: declarative sentence.

STATIVE ['steitiv] (n) слово категории состояния An adjective or its equivalent with the Ž prefix ‘a-‘ generally used as Ž predicative in a Ž compound nominal Ž predicate, e.g. alive; asleep; afire.

STEM (n) основа That which is left off a word when all Ž inflections are removed.

STRUCTURE (n) структура The organization of the language as a whole and of individual linguistic elements into meaningful Ž patterns.

STRUCTURAL WORD Ž FORM WORD

SUBJECT (n) подлежащее A nominal phrase which may function as one of two Ž principal parts of a sentence (e.g. He said himself), the other being the Ž predicate.

- DEMONSTRATIVE SUBJECT указательное подлежащее A subject expressed by the pronouns ‘it, this, that’ which points out a person or thing in the sentences which identify them, e.g. Is that Ruth?

- FORMAL SUBJECT формальное подлежащее A temporary subject used in order to postpone a ‘heavy’ logical subject to the end of the sentence, e.g. It doesn’t matter when you come. Alternative term: grammatical/structural subject.

- GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT = FORMAL SUBJECT

- IMPERSONAL SUBJECT безличное подлежащее A subject having no reference to a particular person or thing, e.g. It is late.

- INDEFINITE PERSONAL SUBJECT неопределенно-личное подлежащее A subject expressed by the pronouns ‘you, we, they, one’ which refer to people in general, e.g. You never know.

- PERSONAL SUBJECT личное подлежащее A subject denoting a person, thing or concept, e.g. The lake is frozen.

SUBJECTIVE INFINITIVAL CONSTRUCTION субъектная инфинитивная конструкция А Ž complex subject whose second component is expressed by an infinitive, e.g. He was seen to cross the street. Alternative term: Nominative with an infinitive.

SUBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION субъектная причастная конструкция А Ž complex subject whose second component is expressed by a participle, e.g. He was seen crossing the street. Alternative term: Nominative with a participle.

SUBJECTIVE PREDICATIVE Ž COMPLEMENT Ž SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT

SUBJUNCTIVE [sqb'GANktiv] (n) сослагательное наклонение А Ž mood form whose meaning is considered less Ž factual than that of the Ž indicative mood, e.g. If I were you, ...

SUBORDINATE [sqb'Ldineit] (v) подчинять Assign an inferior rank or position to a language unit.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSE Ž CLAUSE

SUBORDINATION [sq" bLdi'neiSqn] (n) подчинение (1) A syntactic relation between the Ž head word and its Ž adjunct; (2) The linking of the units, one of which is Ž subordinated to the other. Phrasal subordination realizes itself through Ž agreement, Ž government, Ž adjoinment Ž and Ž enclosure. Clausal subordination is observed in Ž complex sentences.

- CONSECUTIVE [kqn'sekjutiv] SUBORDINATION последовательное подчинение An arrangement of subordinate clauses in which each clause is subordinate to the preceding one, e.g. The party was held in a large room which was already crowded when he entered.

SUBORDINATOR = SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION/ CONJUNCTIVE WORD SUBSTANTIVIZED ['sAbstqntivaizd] (adj) субстантивированный Assuming the properties of a noun.

- FULLY SUBSTANTIVIZED WORD полностью субстантивированное слово A word which has assumed all the noun properties, e.g. ‘a relative, periodicals’ are fully substantivized adjectives.

- PARTIALLY ['pRSqli] SUBSTANTIVIZED WORD частично субстантивированное слово A word which has not assumed all the properties of a noun, e.g. ‘the young, the unemployed’ are partially substantivized words.

SUBSTITUTE ['sAbstitjHt] (n) субститут A word or phrase used instead of another word or phrase. Substitutes are subdivided into Ž replacers and Ž representers.

SUBSTITUTION [" sAbsti'tjHSqn] (n) субституция The process or result of replacing a linguistic item within a larger unit by a Ž substitute.

SUFFIX ['sAfiks] (n) суффикс А Ž morpheme following the Ž root, e.g. ‘ness’ in ‘kindness’.

SYNDETIC [sin'detik] CONNECTION союзная связь A connection of sentence parts and clauses by means of Ž connectors.

SUPERLATIVE Ž DEGREE OF COMPARISON

SUPPLETIVE ['sAplitiv] FORM супплетивная форма А Ž synthetical form which makes use of different stems, e.g. good - better - best.

SYNTACTIC(AL) (adj) синтаксический Referring to the relationship between sentence constituents.

SYNTAX ['sintxks] (n) синтаксис That branch of grammar which is concerned with the study of the arrangement of words in phrases and sentences.

SYNTHETICAL [sin'Tetikql] FORM синтетическая форма A one word form (e.g. writes, went), as opposed to an Ž analytical form.

T

TAG QUESTION = DISJUNCTIVE QUESTION

TEMPORAL CLAUSE = ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

TENSE (n) время A grammatical category of the verb expressing by means of grammatical contrasts the time relationship of the action referred to in the sentence and the time of utterance. Three Ž primary tenses are distinguished.

- FUTURE TENSE будущее время A tense form of a verb formed with the auxiliaries ‘shall’ and ‘will’ referring to an action which will take place at some future point in time, e.g. He will go.

- PAST TENSE прошедшее время A tense form of a verb referring to an action which took place prior to the time of the utterance, e.g. He went away.

- PRESENT TENSE настоящее время A tense form of a verb referring to an action which is contemporaneous with the utterance, e.g. Men walk; Birds fly.

TIME CLAUSE = ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF TIME

TIME INDICATOR показатель времени A word or phrase indicating time, e.g. yesterday; at five o’clock.

TRANSITIVE ['trxnsitiv] VERB переходный глагол A verb used with a Ž direct object, e.g. The boy kicks the ball.

TWO-MEMBER SENTENCE двусоставное предложение A sentence comprising both Ž principal parts.

U

 

UTTERANCE (n) высказывание Stretch of speech between two periods of silence or potential silence, usually marked at the end by a rising or falling intonation.

 

V

 

VERB (n) глагол A part of speech which may function as Ž predicate in a sentence, e.g. He is coming.

- DYNAMIC [dai'nxmik] VERB динамический глагол A verb expressing an action, e.g. walk, read. Alternative term: action verb.

- REGULAR VERB правильный глагол A verb which has an ‘-ed’ inflection in the past tense form and participle II, e.g. add - added - added; help - helped - helped.

- STATIC ['stxtik] VERB статический глагол A verb which does not express an action, e.g. know, contain.

VERBAL (n) = NON-FINITE VERB FORM

VERBLESS CLAUSE безглагольное предложение A clause containing no verb element but functioning like a Ž finite clause, e.g. If in doubt, ask me.

VOICE (n) залог A grammatical category of the verb indicating certain relationship between the subject and object of a verb

- ACTIVE VOICE действительный залог A verb form indicating that the subject of the verb carries out some activity or process, e.g. They gave him a book.

- PASSIVE VOICE страдательный залог A verb form Indicating that the subject of the verb is the goal or sufferer of the action expressed by the verb, e.g. He was given a book.

W

 

WORD GROUP = PHRASE

WORD ORDER порядок слов The placing of words in a sentence in a sequence according to the conventions of a given language.

- FIXED WORD ORDER фиксированный порядок слов Word order which is used to indicate grammatical relationship and which cannot be changed without altering or destroying the meaning of the sentence.

- FREE WORD ORDER свободный порядок слов Word order which, although not completely free in the literal sense, is not used to signal grammatical relationship.

- INVERTED WORD ORDER обратный порядок слов An arrangement of words within a sentence that is different from the normal declarative pattern, e.g. The subject occurring after an auxiliary verb to produce an Ž interrogative sentence: ‘Do I? ’, Alternative term: Inversion.

ZERO (n) нуль The meaningful absence of a linguistic element.

- ZERO ARTICLE нулевой артикль The meaningful absence of the article, e.g. Dinner is ready; Were you in town?

- ZERO PLURAL нулевая форма множественного числа A plural form identical with the singular, e.g. sheep, aircraft.

PART ONE

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