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VI. Прочтите предложения, проанализируйте сказуемые и переведите



предложения:

1. The patient was brought to the hospital two days ago.

2. It will be difficult to pass this exam.

3. My friend is preparing for biology.

4. They can introduce this new method in practice.

5. He had to go to a doctor because he felt bad.

6. Many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

7. The operation must be performed.

8. The thoracic cavity was examined by the X-rays.

VII. Раскройте скобки:

1. Some new methods of treatment … (discuss, are discussed, are discussing) in this book. 2. We … (will determine, will be determined, will be determining) the blood group tomorrow at the lesson of surgery. 3. Students … (carry out, are carried out, are carrying out) many experiments. 4. The scientific work ( finished, was finished, was finishing) a week ago. 5. The patient (felt, was felt, was feeling) pain in the heart. 6. The book (will read, will be read, will be reading) with great interest by all of us.

VIII. Переведите предложения:

1. Эту статью перевели на русский язык. 2. Мне только вчера сказали об этом. 3. На занятиях нам задают много вопросов. 4. Экзамен по анатомии уже сдали. 5. Операцию сделали на прошлой неделе. 6. Книга делится на две части. 7. При лечении этого заболевания использовали новые препараты. 8. В статье были описаны новые методы диагностики. 9. Эта клиника была основана в прошлом веке. 10. Словари нужно взять в библиотеке.

 

IX. Прочтите и переведите предложения с конструкцией there is/are:

1. In the world there are many different languages.

2. There are two terms in the academic year.

3. There will be three exams at the end of this term.

4. There are no children in this department.

5. There was no conference last week.

6. There are many new methods of treatment.

 

X. Прочтите и запомните следующие латино-греческие термины:

cranial [‘kreiniql] - черепной

facial [‘feiSql] - лицевой

spinal column [‘spQinql ‘kOlqm] – позвоночный столб, позвоночник

cervical [‘sWvikl] - шейный

thoracic [DL’rqesik] - грудной

lumbar [‘lAmbq] - поясничный

sacral [‘seikrql] - крестцовый

vertebra [‘vWtibrq] (pl – ae [J] ) - позвонок

coccyx [‘kOksiks] - копчик

arch [RC] - дуга

thorax [‘TLrqks] - грудная клетка

basic [‘beisik] - основной

cartilage [‘kRtiliG] - хрящ

pelvis [‘pelvis] - таз

ligament [‘ligqmqnt] - связка

substance [‘sAbstqns] - вещество

 

Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания:

bone - кость

skull – череп

trunk - туловище

spine - позвоночник

chest – грудная клетка

breastbone [‘brestboun] - грудина

rib - ребро

shoulder [‘Souldq] – плечо, плечевой сустав

neck – шея, шейка

hip - бедро

limb [lim] - конечность

lower extremity [‘louq iks’tremiti] – нижняя конечность

thigh [TQi] - бедро

leg – голень, нога

foot – стопа, ступня

knee [nJ] - колено

ankle [‘qeNkl] - лодыжка

toe [tou] – палец (ноги)

upper extremity [‘Apq iks’tremiti] – верхняя конечность

arm – плечо, рука

forearm [‘fLrRm] - предплечье

hand – кисть, рука

elbow [‘elbou] - локоть

wrist [rist] - запястье

finger [‘fiNgq] – палец (руки)

thumb [TAm] – большой палец (руки)

joint [Goint] – сустав; совместный, объединенный

free - свободный

to connect [kq’nekt] – соединять, связывать

to compose [kqm’pouz] - составлять

to be composed of – состоять из

side – сторона, бок

in the side – в боку

on each side – с каждой стороны

part - часть

to take part – принимать участие

to consist of [kqn’sist] – состоять из

XI. Прочтите и переведите текст:

Text A. THE SKELETON

T he skeleton is composed of bones of various sizes and shapes. There are 223 bones in the skeleton of the adult. The chief parts of the human body are the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities.

The bony framework of the head is the skull. It consists of cranial and facial parts. There are 26 bones in the skull.

The bones of the trunk are the spinal column or the spine and the breastbone with the ribs. The spine consists of the vertebrae. The vertebra is a small bone which is formed by the body and the arch. There are 32 or 37 vertebrae in the spine. They are 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral vertebrae and from 1 to 5 vertebrae forming the coccyx. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column. The have oval bodies. The form of the first and the second cervical vertebrae is different from the others because they take part in the flexible connection of the skull and the spine.

The breastbone is a long bone in the middle of the chest (thorax). On each side of the chest 7 ribs are connected with the breastbone by cartilages. The cartilages of three other ribs are not connected with the breastbone but only with each other and with the seventh rib. The eleventh and the twelfth ribs are not connected with the breastbone either. They are not connected with other ribs. They are free. Each rib is composed of a head, a neck and a body.

The lower limbs ( extremities) are connected with the trunk by the pelvis. We can subdivide the lower extremity into: the thigh from the hip to the knee, the leg from the knee to the ankle and the foot with toes.

The upper extremity is subdivided into: the arm from the shoulder to the elbow, the forearm from the elbow to the wrist and the hand with fingers and a thumb. It is connected with the trunk by the shoulder girdle.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments. The bones consist of organic and inorganic substances.

 

TASKS

I. Find in the text the English equivalents to the following:

разные размеры и формы, отличается от, принимает участие в

подвижном соединении, в середине грудной клетки, с каждой стороны, органическое вещество

II. Complete the following sentences:

1. The skeleton consists of …

2. The bony framework of the head is …

3. The spine consists of …

4. … is a long bone in the middle of the chest.

5. The … vertebrae are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column.

6. The lower limbs are connected with the trunk by the …

7. The upper extremity is connected with the … by the shoulder girdle.

8. The bones consist of organic and inorganic …

 

III. Answer the questions:

1. What does the skeleton consist of?

2. How many bones are there in the skeleton of the adult?

3. What are the chief parts of the human body?

4. What parts does the head consist of?

5. What are the main bones of the trunk?

6. What does the spine consist of?

7. What is the vertebra formed of?

8. How many vertebrae are there in the spine?

9. What are the largest vertebrae in the spinal column?

10. Why is the form of the 1-st and the 2-nd cervical vertebrae is different from the

others?

11. Where is the breastbone?

12. What are the main parts of the lower extremity?

13. What are the chief parts of the upper limb?

14. What are the bones of the skeleton connected by?

IV. Use an active or a passive predicate:

1. Bones (to compose) the skeleton. 2. The skull (to consist) of cranial and facial parts. 3. The vertebra (to be) a small bone which (to form) by the body and the arch.

4. The 1-st and the 2-nd cervical vertebrae (to take part) in the flexible connection of the skull and the spine. 5. The ribs (to connect) with the breastbone by cartilages. 6. Pelvis (to connect) the lower limbs with the trunk. 7. The upper extremity (to subdivide) into the arm, the forearm and the hand.

V. Match the words in A with the words in B:

A B

forearm колено

limb конечность

ankle шея

hip палец (ноги)

neck сустав

knee предплечье

trunk кисть

thumb таз

pelvis большой палец (руки)

wrist лодыжка

finger голень

joint туловище

hand локоть

elbow запястье

leg бедро

toe палец (руки)

 

VI. Translate the sentences:

1. В скелете взрослого человека 223 кости. 2. Основными частями тела является голова, туловище и конечности. 3. Череп состоит их черепной и лицевой частей. 4. В черепе 26 костей. 5. Позвоночник состоит из позвонков. 6. В позвоночнике 7 шейных, 12 грудных, 5 поясничных, 5 крестцовых и от 1 до 5 позвонков, образующих копчик. 7. 1-й и 2-й шейные позвонки участвуют в подвижном соединении черепа и позвоночника, и поэтому имеют форму отличную от других. 8. Таз соединяет нижние конечности с туловищем. 9. Нижняя конечность состоит из бедра, голени и стопы. 10. Верхняя конечность подразделяется на плечо, предплечье и кисть. 11. Кости скелета соединяются при помощи суставов, хрящей и связок.

 

VII. Read the text and translate the underlined words without looking them in the dictionary:

The main part of the head and face is called the skull. The skull is composed of twenty six bones. These bones form two basic parts of the skull, that is facial and cranial parts.

The bones of the skull are connected with the cervical vertebrae. The bones of the skull are connected so firmly (крепко) that it is very difficult to separate them.

The bones of the skull form one large cavity and some smaller cavities. The large cavity is called the cranial cavity. The brain is in the cranial cavity. One of the smaller cavities is the oral cavity and the other is the cavity of the nose. The eyeballs are in the orbits.

 

VIII. Divide the following words into nouns and adjectives, read and translate them:

facial, formation, scientific, spinal, cartilage, pelvic, cavity, connection, basic, special, ligament, composition, experimental, anatomical, substance, sacral, oral

IX. Name the words belonging to each part of the body:

1. the head 2. the trunk 3. the lower limbs 4. the upper limbs

lower extremity, orbit, skull, knee, thigh, shoulder, pelvis, eyeball, leg, spinal column, hand, toe, rib, wrist, chest, nose, finger, thoracic cavity, thumb, vertebrae, ankle, arm

X. Learn the following words and word combinations:

age [ eiG] - возраст

at the age of 30 = aged 30 – в возрасте 30 лет; в 30 лет

to grow [grou] (grew, grown) - расти

rapid [‘rqepid] - быстрый

slow [slou] - медленный

length [leNT] – длина, длительность

number [‘nAmbq] – число, количество, номер

a number of – ряд (некоторое количество)

the number of – число, количество

research [ri’sWtS] - исследование

to use [jHz] – использовать, применять, употреблять

artificial [, Rti’fiSql] - искусственный

instead of [in’sted] – вместо (того, чтобы)

case - случай

in case of – в случае

case history – история болезни

 

XI. Read and translate the following word combinations:

age [eiG] - at the age of 20, at an early age, people of all ages, a patient aged 45

grow [ grou] - to grow rapidly, to grow slowly

length [leNT] - the necessary length, the length of the bone, to increase the length, to measure the length, the length of the extremity, three metres in length

number [‘ nAmbq] - a great number, a small number, the number of people, to

increase the number, a number of people

research [ ri’sWtS] - research work, research institute, to make a research, important research, to research a problem

artificial [, Rti’fiSql] - artificial organs, artificial joints, artificial heart, artificial

brain

case - interesting case, particular case, in case of the disease, patient’s case history

 

XII. Do you know that

in the girls the spine grows most rapidly to the age of 15; in the boys it grows to the age of 19; after the age of 19 the spine grows very slowly; the length of the spinal column is about 40% of the body

XIII. Read the text without a dictionary:

Text B

The patient had the disease of the coxofemoral (тазобедренный) joints, the biggest in the body. The patient could not walk for six years. He was examined by the doctors in one of Moscow research institutes. And a new method of treatment was used. Before the operation on the man a great number of experiments on animals using artificial metal joints were carried out. During the operation the doctors used the artificial metal joins instead of the diseased coxofemoral joints of the patient. The operation was successful and soon the patient could walk. Now artificial metal joints are used in many cases of the disease of different joints.

XIV. Give the summary of the text B:

XV. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text C

During fetal development the bones of the fetus are composed of cartilage tissue. As the embryo develops the process of depositing calcium salts in the soft, cartilaginous bones occurs and continues throughout the life of the individual after birth. The gradual replacement of cartilage and its intercellular substance by immature bone cells and calcium deposits is called ossification (bone formation). The formation of bone is dependent to a great extent on a proper supply of calcium and phosphorus to the bone tissue. These minerals must be taken into the body along with a sufficient amount of vitamin D.

Тест для самоконтроля № 1

1. Укажите прилагательные, соответствующие английским существительным.

a. skull a. costal

b. chest b. pelvic

c. neck c. cranial

d. rib d. cervical

e. thoracic

2. Выберете правильный вариант.

The … connects the foot and the leg.

a. wrist b. knee c. elbow d. ankle

3. Ответьте на вопрос.

What organ doesn’t belong to the trunk?

a. breastbone b. thigh c. hip d. pelvis

4. Вставьте в предложение соответствующее слово.

The brain is in the … cavity.

5. Укажите лишнее по смыслу слово.

a. toe b. finger c. trunk d. thumb

6. Укажите существительные, подходящие по смыслу прилагательным.

a. artificial a. column

b. slow b. vertebrae

c. spinal c. arch

d. lumbar d. joint

e. growth

7. Ответьте на вопрос.

What are the largest vertebrae in the spine?

8. Укажите сказуемое в пассивном залоге.

a. is operating b. will research c. are connected d. has grown

9. Образуйте от инфинитива, данного в скобках, причастие I или II.

Anatomy is the science …( to study) the organs of the human body.

10. Выберете правильный вариант.

In this clinic … modern equipment.

a. there are no b. there is not c. there is no d. there not

LESSON 11

Грамматика: модальные глаголы, времена группы Continuous Active (повторение)

MUSCLES AND TISSUES

I. Запомните произношение следующих слов и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

muscle [mAsl], theory [‘Tiqri], expression [ik’spreSqn], total [toutl], motor [‘moutq], apparatus [, qepq’reitqs], group [grHp], identify [Qi’dentifQi], classify [‘klqesifQi], basis [‘beisis], visceral [‘visqrql], reaction [ri’qekSn], reason [rJzn], nerve [nWv], manipulation [mq, nipju’leiSqn], type [tQip], universal [, jHniv’Wsql], agent [‘eiGqnt]

II. Выучите новые слова и словосочетания:

muscle [mAsl] – мышца

mascular [‘mAskjulq] - мышечный

striated [strQi’eitid] – поперечно-полосатая

smooth [smHT] - гладкая

visceral [‘visqrql] – висцеральная (внутренних органов)

voluntary [‘vOlqntqri] – произвольно сокращающаяся

to establish [is’tqebliS] - устанавливать

to mean (meant, meant [ment]) - значить

to include [in’klHd] – содержать в себе, заключать, включать

to introduce [, intrq’djHs] - вводить

to change [tSeinG] – менять, изменять

weight [weit] – вес

to divide [di’vQid] – делить, разделять

wide - широкий

cell [sel] - клетка

fiber - волокно

direction [di’rekSn] - направление

internal [in’tWnql] – внутренний

bundle – пучок, связка

skin - кожа

to find [fQind] (found, found [fQund]) - находить

to find out - обнаруживать

to determine [di’tWmin] – определять, устанавливать

to contract [kqn’trqekt] - сокращаться

contraction - сокращение

tissue [‘tisjH] - ткань

connective tissue – соединительная ткань

to respond [ri’spOnd] – отвечать, реагировать

for this reason [rJzn] – по этой причине, поэтому

vessel [vesl] - сосуд

blood [blAd] - кровь

previous [‘prJviqs] – предыдущий, прежний

 

III. Прочтите и переведите однокоренные слова:

determine, determined, determining, determination; change, changed, changing, changeable, unchanged; contract, contracted, contracting, contraction; divide, divided, dividing, division, subdivision; introduce, introduced, introducing, introduction; direct, directed, directing, directly, undirectly, direction; respond, responding, response

 

IV. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания:

the contraction of muscles, the blood vessel wall, the body weight, connective tissue cells, to determine the blood group, a rapid change, to contract slowly, the direction of muscular fibers, to find out the universal method, to introduce into practice, direct connection, to respond to stimuli, wide bundles

V. Ответьте на вопросы по данному образцу:

e.g. Why can’t you go home? (to attend the lecture)

I cannot go home because I must attend the lecture.

1. Why can’t you consult a doctor? ( to go to the Institute). 2. Why can’t you give me your book? (to return it to the library). 3. Why can’t she go to the theatre with us? (to prepare for the examination). 4. Why can’t the doctor make diagnosis? ( to examine the patient first).

VI. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами can, may, must:

1. You … come for consultation in anatomy any time from 3 till 6. 2. Medical students … know the structure of the human body. 3. … I ask you a question? 4. She … take part in the conference because she is ill. 5. Who … describe the bones of the lower limbs? 6. The joints … move by the contraction of the muscles. 7. Students … be late for classes. 8. Physicians … diagnose diseases correctly.

VII. Найдите сказуемые группы Continuous:

1. was placing, will place, is placed

2. has changed, will be changing, will be changed

3. are determined, are determining, has determined

4. will introduce, was introduced, had introduced

5. will be treated, were treating, will have treated

VIII. Найдите, прочтите и переведите предложения со сказуемым группы Continuous:

1. The muscles are contracting under stimulation.

2. Striated muscles tissue consists of large fibers.

3. It was interesting to listen to the lecture on muscles.

4. The walls of the blood vessels are expanding in response to a stimulus.

5. Striated muscles are necessary for manipulating the bones of the skeleton.

6. Many scientific experiments will be carried out at this laboratory.

7. Your body is developing insulin resistance.

8. He can determine the direction of muscular fibers.

9. The bones of the skull are connected together very firmly.

 

IX. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную форму:

1.They were discussing the functions of the brain.

2. He is taking the examination in Anatomy.

3. The students will be learning the bones of the skeleton.

4. We were listening to the lecturer very attentively.

5. The surgeon will be performing the operation.

 

X. Определите временную форму сказуемого и переведите предложения:

1. Smooth and unstriated muscles contract without any volition.

2. Blood vessels are contracting when they respond to the temperature.

3. The bones of the body make up the skeleton.

4. The children will be given vitamin therapy.

5. They were making their experiment from 5 till 9.

6. Students will learn the framework of the chest in the first term.

7. When I saw him last he was working at his new book.

8. They will be studying the functions of the heart during the whole lesson.

9. At this clinic the operations on the skull are carried out successfully.

XI. Раскройте скобки, употребив сказуемое в Simple или Continuous:

1. The students ( to work) in the laboratory from 9 till 11 yesterday.

2. When we (to come) they (to classify) the bones of the upper extremities.

3. The walls of the blood vessels (to expand) when they ( to respond) to some

chemicals in the blood.

4. We ( to discuss) the characteristic features of cardiac muscles now.

5. A positive test ( to mean) the presence of bacteria in the blood.

6. The students ( to read) text when the teacher ( to enter) the classroom.

7. Voluntary muscles ( to control) the beating of the blood.

8. Many scientists ( to carry out) great research work.

9. You can’t see him now because he (to perform) the operation.

10. Next year students (to listen) to the lectures on therapy.

XII. Прочтите текст и найдите в нем эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний, переведите этот текст:

согласно одной теории, происходит от латинского слова, греческое выражение, двигательный аппарат, действие температуры, поворот головы, изменения окружающей среды, они находятся под контролем, характерная черта, не имеет ни начала ни конца, огромная сеть

Text A. TYPES OF MUSCLES

The word “muscle”, according to one theory, comes from a Latin word that means “little mouse”: when a man’s muscles are contracting they look as if a little mouse runs about under the skin. According to another theory the word “muscle” comes from a Greek expression that means “to enclose”, that is layers of muscles enclose the body. We know that the muscles constitute about 50 per cent of the total body weight.

Muscles are the active part of the motor apparatus. Their contractions are producing various movements when they are active. Functionally all muscles are divided into two groups: voluntary and involuntary muscles.

There are three main types of muscular tissue that we identify and classify on the basis of its structure and functions:

1. smooth or visceral muscle;

2. striated or skeletal muscle;

3. cardiac muscle.

Smooth muscles can contract slowly. They make up the walls of the internal organs. They include all the muscles of the head, trunk and extremities as well as the muscles of some internal organs. Since we identify the internal organs as viscera, we sometimes call smooth muscles visceral muscles. The walls of the blood vessels are contracting when they respond to some chemicals in the blood or to the effect of temperature. For this reason we may call them involuntary muscles. Smooth muscle tissue consists of long cells. Smooth muscle fibers are bound into bundles by connective tissue which contain blood vessels and nerves. There are more than 400 skeletal muscles in the human body.

Striated muscle tissue consists of large fibers in the form of bundles. These muscles are necessary for manipulation of the bones of the skeleton for walking, running, turning the head and so on. That’s why we sometimes call them skeletal muscles. This type of muscular tissue includes the large muscle masses of the body, the muscles of the arms, legs, back, etc. It includes all the muscles which must respond quickly to changes in the environment. For this reason we call striated muscles voluntary muscles.

Cardiac muscle is a cross between the previous two. A characteristic feature of cardiac muscle is that fibers have neither a beginning nor an end. In other words the heart is simply a huge net of muscles in which all elements are continuous with each other. Cardiac muscles have the strength of contraction of the skeletal muscles. They are under complete involuntary control.

 

TASKS

I. Complete the following sentences:

1. Functionally all muscles can be divided into … a. three groups

b. two groups

c. numerous groups

2. Smooth muscles make up … a. free parts of the extremities

b. the walls of the internal organs

c. the main parts of the trunk

3. Striated muscles are necessary for … a. motion and contraction

b. formation of fibrous bundles

c. manipulation of the bones of the skeleton

4. Cardiac muscles are … a. under involuntary control

b. under voluntary control

II. Make up questions to the underlined words:

1. Muscles are the active part of the motor apparatus.

2. Their contractions are producing various movements.

3. Functionally all muscles are divided into two groups.

4. Smooth muscles make up the walls of the internal organs.

5. Smooth muscles can contract slowly.

6. Striated muscle tissue includes the large muscular masses of the body.

III. Express your agreement or disagreement with the following statements:

1.Theword muscle is an English word.

2. Muscles constitute about 50 per cent of the total body weight.

3. Muscles are the active part of the nervous system.

4. There are five main types of muscular tissue on the basis of its structure and

functions.

5. Smooth muscles make up the walls of the internal organs.

6. Striated muscles are called involuntary or visceral muscles.

7. There are more than 400 skeletal muscles in the human body.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What is the origin of the word muscle?

2. What two groups of muscles do you know?

3. How many types of muscular tissue can we identify on the basis of structure and

functions?

4. What are the other names for smooth muscles?

5. Why can we call them visceral muscles?

6. Why can we call them involuntary muscles?

7. What are the other names for striated muscles?

8. Why can we call them skeletal muscles?

9. Why can we call them voluntary muscles?

 

V. Translate the sentences into English:

1. В теле человека примерно 400 скелетных мышц. 2. По строению и функциям мышцы можно разделить на три основные группы. 3. Соединительная ткань гладких мышц содержит нервы и кровеносные сосуды. 4. Поперечно-полосатые мышцы иначе можно назвать скелетными мышцами. 5. Они реагируют на изменения в окружающей среде. 6. Волокна сердечной мышцы непрерывны. 7. Сердце – это огромная сеть мышц.

VI. Learn the following words:

born [bLn]- рожденный

to be born - родиться

degree [di’grJ]– (ученая) степень; градус

to receive [ri’sJv]– получать, принимать

strong – сильный, крепкий, здоровый

surface [‘sWfis] - поверхность

point [point]– место. точка

origin [‘OriGin] – начало, источник, происхождение

finding [‘fQindiN]- находка

findings – данные, результаты

ending - окончание

abdomen [‘qebdqmqn] – живот, брюшная полость

to restore [ri’stL] - восстанавливать

condition [kqn’diSn]– состояние; условие

band - пучок

 

VII. Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined words:

1. The bands of muscular fibers may be long or short. 2. The human leg has a large surface. 3. Show us in the picture the point of connection of the rib and the breastbone. 4. The origin of some diseases is not well studied. 5 He is the Ukranian by origin. 6 He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the age of 35. 7. The patient’s temperature was 38.5 degrees C. 8. It is impossible to work under such conditions. 9. The patient’s condition was not very bad. 10. The patient’s health was restored after the course of treatment.

VIII. Translate the following word combinations:

total body weight, under the skin, smooth muscle fibers, characteristic feature, to contain blood vessels and nerves, in the form of bundles, changes in the environment, a huge net of muscles, the strength of contraction, the surface of the cells, valuable method of treatment, connective tissue, the bands of muscular fibers, nerve endings, the point of origin, to receive important findings, the upper part of the abdomen, to restore health, patient’s condition

 

IX. Translate the text using a dictionary:

Text B. MUSCULAR TISSUE

Muscle is the most abundant tissue in the body. It accounts for some two fifth of the body weight. The specialized component is the muscle fiber, a long slender cell or agglomeration of cells which becomes shorter and thicker in response to a stimulus. These fibers are supported and bound together by ordinary connective tissue and supplied with blood vessels and nerves. Three types of muscular tissue can be distinguished on the basis of fine structure and physiological characteristics: smooth, striated and cardiac.

Striated is the largest category of muscle tissue in the body. Striated muscle consists of muscle cells which may be 10-100 mm thick and up to 15 cm long. The nuclei lie immediately beneath the surface of the cells in the directions of the long axis of muscular fibers.

Smooth muscle consists of spindle-shaped cells 40-200 mm long and 4-20 mm thick with a central nucleus. Its fibers, each a single cell, are much shorter than striated fibers.

Cardiac muscle differs from any other muscle. Its fibers are short and thick and form a dense mesh. In cardiac muscle tissue the nuclei lie centrally. In addition, cardiac muscle tissue contains highly refractile, transverse intercalated discs.

Tissues were first described by M.Bichat in 1800. The study of tissues is histology. In a fact, histology is anatomy with a microscope. Histology has greatly enhanced our understanding of anatomy and physiology, and became the principal source of information about the underlying processes of disease. In clinical medicine it is the most valuable method of diagnosis.

 

X. Say everything you know about 1. muscles in general

2. smooth muscles

3. striated muscles

4. cardiac muscles

XI. Read the text and retell it giving only the general information:

Text C. PLASTICS FOR HEALTH

In 1966 a very interesting operation was performed by the surgeons of Moscow Traumatology Institute. The patient was an 18-year-old girl. She had the paralysis of the leg muscles. The patient was examined by the surgeons and then the operation was performed.

During the operation the muscles from her back and abdomen were transplanted to the thigh. These transplanted muscles were connected together by bundles of special plastic – lavsan.

It is not the first time that plastics were used to restore health. For example, lavsan bundles were also used if the patient had some defects in the spinal column. Special threads (нити) were introduced into the diseased part of the spine and the surgeons could examine the condition of the patient by X-rays.

 

 

LESSON 12

Грамматика: степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий, II и III формы глагола, слова-заменители существительных

THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Запомните:

Префикс inter- переводится меж-, между-, среди-, взаимо-:

Префикс sub- соответствует в русском языке префиксу под:

 

I. Прочтите и переведите:

1. interaction, intercostal, interspace, international

2. subdivision, subtropical, subcostal, subcutaneous, subclass, subserous

II. Прочтите слова и дайте их русские эквиваленты:

cardiovascular [, kRdiq’vqeskjulq], pericardium [, peri’kRdiqm], apex [‘eipeks], interspace [, intq’speis], costal [‘kOstql], septum [‘septqm], atrium [‘eitriqm], ventricle [‘ventrikl], fibrous [‘fQibrqs], systemic [sis’temik], pulmonary [‘pAlmqnqri], portal [pLtl], circulation [, sWkju’leiSn], artery [‘Rtqri], vein [vein], capillary [kq’pilqri], base [beis], conical [‘kOnikql], arteriole [R’tiqrioul], actually [‘qektjuqli], venule [‘venjul], general [‘Genqrql], aorta [ei’Ltq], evolution [, Jvq’lHSqn]

III. Выучите новые слова:

inner [‘inq] - внутренний

auricle [‘Lrikl] - предсердие

to receive [ri’sJv] – получать, принимать

within [wi’Din] - внутри

male - мужчина

female [‘fJmeil] - женщина

to separate [‘sepqreit] - отделять

separate [‘seprit] - отдельный

chamber [Ceimbq] - камера

valve [vqelv] - клапан

thick – толстый, плотный, густой

thin - тонкий

to locate [lou’keit] – располагать, расположить

to carry [‘kqeri] - нести

to dilate [dQi’leit] – расширять, увеличивать

coat [kout] – оболочка, налет

lung [lAN] - легкое

liver [‘livq] – печень

IV. Прочтите и переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:

chamber [‘tSeimbq] – a separate chamber, the heart consists of two chambers, the

right atrium and the right ventricle are in the right chamber, the left chamber of the heart

thick [Tik] – a thick wall, the walls of the left atrium are thick, the left ventricle has thick walls

pulmonary [‘pAlmqnqri] – pulmonary artery, pulmonary circulation, pulmonary

disease, pulmonary function, pulmonary valve

coat [ kout] – a thick coat, a coat of the inner organs, white coat, a coated tongue

dilate [ dai’leit] – to be dilated, the vessels dilate, the heart dilates and contracts

V. Прочтите и переведите следующие словосочетания:

the most important, as big as, much thicker, most diseases, less valuable, the smallest, the best method, worst of all, much more interesting, as soon as possible, most of all, as thin as, more difficult, as well as, no longer

 

VI. Раскройте скобки, употребив прилагательное или наречие в соответствующей степени сравнения:

1. He likes anatomy (much) than physiology.

2. This article is the (interesting) in the newspaper.

3. Russian is (difficult) than English.

4. She knows chemistry (bad) of all.

5. The patient must be operated as (soon) as possible.

6. He studies (well) than his sister.

7. The aorta is the (big) artery.

8. Veins are (large) than capillaries.

9. Capillaries are the (small) vessels in the human body.

10. The human heart weights (little) than a pound (453.6 gr).

VII. Прочтите и переведите следующие неличные формы глагола:

to form – forming – formed, to make – making – made, to contract – contracting – contracted, to locate – locating – located, to carry – carrying – carried, to receive – receiving - received, to divide – dividing – divided, to call – calling – called

VIII. Раскройте скобки:

1. The heart is the inner organ (locating, located) within the chest.

2. The vessels (carrying, carried) blood to the heart are called veins.

3. The organs (including, included) in the thoracic cavity are the heart and the lungs.

4. The (receiving, received) findings were very important.

5. The veins (passing, passed) to the liver form the portal system.

IX. Прочтите предложения, определите какую функцию выполняют выделенные слова и переведите предложения:

A. 1.The delivered lecture was very interesting. 2. The lecture on muscles was delivered on Monday. 3. The lecture delivered yesterday by Prof. Smirnov was very interesting.

B. 1. The therapeutist examined the patient yesterday. 2. The patient was examined by the therapeutist very attentively. 3. The patient examined by the therapeutist yesterday felt bad. 4. The examined patient had a heart disease.

C. 1. The doctor saw the changed condition of the patient. 2. That was why he changed the administrations to the patient. 3. The administrations were changed to restore his health. 4. The nurse did not forget to carry out the administrations changed by the doctor.

 

X. Прочтите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заменители:

1. I don’t like this book, give me another one. 2. The bones of the extremities are longer than those of the spine. 3. The bones of the skull are those which compose the head and the face. 4. This lecture is more interesting than the one I attended last week. 5. The weight of the lung is less than that of the heart. 6. This article is more important for my research than that one. 7. The number of the vertebrae in the coccyx is less than the number of those in the neck. 8. The bones of the lower limbs are longer than those of the upper ones.

XI. Прочтите и переведите текст:

 

Text A. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The cardiovascular system is the system of blood circulation. By the cardiovascular system is meant the heart and the vessels – the arteries, the veins and the capillaries of the human body. The centre of the circulatory system is the heart. It is the most important muscle in the body. Without the heart and its circulatory system human life would not be possible.

The human heart is an inner hollow cone-shaped muscular organ placed within the chest just behind the breastbone and between the lungs and included in the pericardium. The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspace between the fifth and the sixth costal cartilages. The weight of the heart is about 300 grams in the male and about 220 gr in the female.

The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum. Each of the chambers has two connected parts; an upper chamber called the atrium or the auricle and a lower chamber called the ventricle. Each is made up of several layers of cardiac muscle arranged in circles and spirals. The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles.

The right atrium is larger than the left one, but the walls of the left atrium are thicker than those of the right one. The right ventricle is triangular in form and has thick walls. The right ventricle is in the anterior part of the heart. The left ventricle is longer and more conical than the right one. The walls of the left ventricle are three times as thick as those of the right one.

Blood vessels receiving blood from the ventricle and leading it away from the heart towards other organs are arteries. They continue dividing and subdividing forming smaller and smaller vessels with thinner and thinner walls. The smallest arteries are the arterioles and these finally divide into capillaries. (“hairlike” – Latin) though actually they are much thinner than hair. Gradually the capillaries begin to join into larger vessels carrying blood to the heart from the organs. Such vessels are the veins. The smallest of these are the venules.

The vessels carrying blood to and from the tissues of the body compose the general system. They are called the vessels of the systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs. The portal circulation is formed by the veins passing to the liver.

TASKS

I. Translate the following words and word combinations:

система кровообращения; самая важная мышца; жизнь была бы невозможна; внутренний полый конусообразный орган; верхушка и основание сердца; вес сердца; две отдельные камеры; разделенный перегородкой; стенки левого предсердия; передняя часть; сосуды, несущие кровь к сердцу; вены, идущие к печени; сосуды, принимающие кровь из желудочков; в три раза толще

II. Complete the sentences:

1. The … is the system of blood circulation.

2. The … is the most important muscle of the body.

3. The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and the ….

4. Without the heart the … would not be possible.

5. The heart is placed within the ….

6. The heart is included in the ….

7. The … of the heart is against the third rib.

8. The … of the heart is about 220-300 gr.

9. The heart consists of two ….

10. They are divided by the ….

11. The upper chamber is called the ….

12. The lower chamber is called the ….

13. The atrioventricular … separate the atria from the ventricles.

 

III. Match the line in A with that in B:

A B

1. Blood vessels carrying blood from 1. the portal circulation

the heart are …

2. Vessels carrying blood to the heart 2. the systemic circulation

are …

3. The veins passing to the liver form … 3. the veins

4. The vessels carrying blood to and 4. the arteries

from the lungs form …

5. The smallest and the thinnest vessels 5. the capillaries

are …

6. The vessels carrying blood to and from 6. the pulmonary circulation

the tissues of the body form …

 

IV. Express your agreement or disagreement:

1. The heart is not a muscle.

2. The heart is symmetrical.

3. The vessels include the veins, the arteries and the capillaries.

4. The human heart is an inner hollow organ placed within the abdomen.

5. The weight of the heart is less in the male than in the female.

6. The upper chamber of the heart is called the ventricle and the lower one is called

the atrium.

7. The right atrium is larger than the left one.

8. The right ventricle is in the posterior part of the heart.

9. The walls of the left ventricle are thicker than those of the right one.

10. Blood vessels carrying blood from the heart are veins.

11. The smallest vessels are called arteries.

12. The vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs are called the general

circulation.

 

V. Answer the questions:

1. What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

2. What vessels do you know?

3. What is the heart?

4. Where is the heart located?

5. What does the heart consist of?

6. What is the septum?

7. Where are the atria and the ventricles located?

8. What are atria?

9. What are ventricles?

10. What are capillaries?

11. What vessels compose the general system?

12. What vessels compose the pulmonary system?

13. What vessels compose the portal system?

VI. Read text B.

Text B

In the left chamber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the mitral [‘mQitrql] valve.

In the right camber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the tricuspid [trQi’kAspid] valve.

At the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle another valve is located. This valve is called the semilunar [, semi’lHnq] valve of the aorta.

At the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle the fourth valve is located. It is called the semilunar valve of the pulmonary artery.

 

VII. Answer the questions:

1. What is this text about?

2. How many valves are there in the heart?

3. Where is the mitral valve located?

4. Where is the tricuspid valve located?

5. Where are semilunar valves?

 

VIII. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Сердечно-сосудистая система включает сердце, артерии, вены и капилляры.

2. Кровь возвращается в сердце по венам.

3. Правая и левая части сердца состоят из 2-х камер: предсердия и желудочка.

4. При сокращении левого желудочка кровь проталкивается в аорту.

5. Стенки капилляров такие тонкие, что кислород проходит через них в ткани.

6. Митральный и трехстворчатый клапаны расположены между предсердиями и желудочками.

 


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