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Section 1

1.Прочтите текст и найдите ответы на вопросы, помещенные перед текстом.

2.Кратко перескажите текст.

QUESTIONS

1.What Russian experts in mechanics must be remembered in the history of automobile engineering?

2.Who was the first Russian inventor of the automobile?

3.What did Mamin designed?

4.What did Blinov constructed?

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From the History of Russian Automobile Engineering

The automobile industry in our country has been developed since 1916. Before that time Russia had no automobile industry at all, tech­nical schools had no departments to train specialists in automobile engineering.

But in the history of the automobile such names as Shamshurenkov, Blinov, Mamin and other Russian experts in mechanics must be re­membered.

The first automobile built by Shamshurenkov, a Russian inventor, was put into motion by the pedalling of the driver himself.

Blinov designed and constructed tractor driven by steam engine. Mamin was one of the pioneers in Russian internal combustion en­gines.

Today Russian automobiles are engineered and built in such a manner that they are able to withstand heavy loads for long periods of operation.

The modern automobile is much more than a means of riding from one place to another. The passenger's safety and comfort must be con­sidered as much as the car's reliable performance and ability to travel on the highways.

The modern automobile must have a steel body and a steel roof and this roof must be insulated against the summer's heat and winter's (old. Ventilation is also of great importance. The comfort and conven­ience of the driver must be taken into consideration too. The automo­bile must have a heater with special defrosting devices which insure clear vision to the driver.

The automobile must have great power for riding, have depend­able clutch and brakes, have good riding qualities, good lights, depend­able starting and ignition systems, low fuel consumption, as well as long service life.

 

Section 2

1.Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его.

2.Кратко изложите содержание текста на русском или английском языке.

TEXT

Benz, Karl (1844 — 1929) was a German inventor of the automobile, who devoted his life to making a horseless vehicle. When Benz's three-wheeled engine-driven machine (the first " car" ) appeared on I lie streets in 1885, people couldn't believe that it moved without the aid of horses. It was a great triumph to him because Benz built a new engine that was lighter and more powerful than any other. He put it onto a chassis and got power from the engine to the wheels. Benz's first car was a great achievement for him. Everything — the engine, fuel transmission, controls — had been developed and designed by him. The wheels were driven by means of a chain, and there were two speeds.

In his early days the speed limits were 12 kilometers an hour out­side the city, six — inside. Benz realized that he would never be able to improve his cars if this rule were not changed. He thought up a plan. He invited the Minister to ride in his car and agreed with a milkman that the latter would wait with his horse for them on a certain place. When Benz, with the Minister in his car, passed the milkman, the lat­ter started off, passed the car at a good speed and laughed at them. The plan worked perfectly. The Minister ordered to go faster. But Benz re­ferred to speed limit. " Never mind", said the Minister. Thus Benz won the day.

Section 3

1.Прочтите текст 1.

2.Найдите в тексте абзац, в котором говорится о конструкции двигателя.

3.Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых речь идет о преимуществах дизельных двигателей, и переведите их.

4.Кратко перескажите текст.

TEXT 1

Internal Combustion Engines

The first internal combustion engine light enough in weight was the gasoline engine, invented by a German named Otto.

At the same time Dr. Rudolph Diesel was working on the diesel engine. The Diesel engine is similar to the gasoline engine in many ways. There are many variations in engine arrangements, but the basic parts of most 4-stroke cycle engines are similar.

 

 

In the in-line arrangement the cylinders are lined up in a single row. The V-type engine is called so as the cylinders form 2 rows or " banks", set at an angle to each other to form the letter V.

The diesel engine gets its power from the expansion of burning gases. The diesel engine depends on the heat of compression for igni­tion of the fuel.

Liquid fuel that contains more heat energy than gasoline is diesel

oil.

Diesel oil is slower burning, but it produces more power. Diesel engines also must be heavier than gasoline engines, but they are more efficient when working under heavy loads at low speeds.

The advantages of the diesel over the gasoline engine are as fol­lows:

a).more economic operation;

b).higher compression ratio;

c).reduced maintenance costs;

d).good pulling power.

1.Прочтите текст 2 и ответьте на вопросы:

а. Каковы преимущества бензиновых двигателей?

б. Каковы преимущества дизельных двигателей?

2.Кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.

TEXT 2

Engines

The two most common types of engines for cars are the petrol engine and diesel engine.

Petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines. This makes them cheaper, and this is why most cars use petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel engines. They usually go foster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel than petrol en­gines, and this is why trucks use them. They are also safer than petrol engines, because there is less danger of fire.

There are two main types of petrol engine - 4-stroke and 2-stroke. All cars use 4-stroke engines. But most motorbikes use 2-stroke engines. They are lighter and smaller than 4-stroke engines, and are there­fore cheaper.

Section 4

1.Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы, данные после текста.

2.Составьте перечень основных характеристик автомобиля.

TEXT

The " UAS" Model

This model designed as " go anywhere" vehicle is built by the Ulyanovsk Plant. It gives high performance under all conditions. All the four wheels of this model are driving ones. Roadless is easily over­come at medium speeds. Stable suspension gives great riding comfort even under off-road conditions.

To protect passengers and the driver from sun rays, winds and rains the UAS is equipped with a weather proof hood. In cold weather an effective heater system may be switched on.

This model possesses excellent road stability and is easy in con­trol. Well-balanced, synchromesh gearbox, effective brakes provide additional conveniences for the driver. Maintenance of the car is ex­tremely simple, as all points, which are frequently lubricated and ad­justed are easily accessible. The body is an all-metal, two-door, eight - seater construction. The clutch is of a single dry plate type.

The transmission has three forward and one reverse speeds. The lower gear can be put in only when the front axle is engaged.

1. At what plant is the model built?

2. Does it give high performance under all conditions?

3. At what speeds is roadless overcome?

4. What is done to protect passengers from wind and rain?

5. What may be switched on in cold weather?

6. Why is maintenance of the car extremely simple?

7. How many speeds has the transmission?

Section 5

1.Прочтите текст и озаглавьте его.

2.Найдите в тексте предложения, где говорится о раздаточной коробке передач.

3. Какие тормоза используются в данной модели автомобиля?

TEXT

The new vehicle was designed and built by the General Engineer­ing Division. A conventional chassis, rigid axles and leaf spring sus­pension are used in this car. However, the frame has been modified to improve the angle of turning. The rear suspension incorporates rubber spring washers. There are telescopic shock absorbers all around. This car has four-wheel drive, it is fitted with larger tires. The wheels are driven through a four-speed gearbox, third and the top gears being synchromesh. The car is also fitted with a transfer gearbox with a 1.148: 1 high ratio and a 2.4: 1 low ratio. This gives the car eight forward and two reverse speeds. Both front and rear axles incorporate spiral bevel differentials. Brakes are of drum type with servo assistance and the steering system is modified. The car is powered by a six-cylinder engine, which resulted in a maximum average speed of 55 miles per hour. It should be noted that ventilation is provided by means of a standard air system.

Section 6

1.Прочтите текст.

2.Напишите основные характеристики автомобиля в порядке их важности по вашему мнению.

TEXT

What Motor-Car Buyers Want

In answer to a questionnaire sent out by the General Motors Cor­poration relating to the general characteristics considered most im­portant in cars, 211000 replies were received. According to the Auto­mobile Daily News, car users specified the following characteristics, listed in order of their importance:

6.	ease of control;
7.	smoothness;
8.	low first cost;
9.	pick-up;
10.	speed.

1.reliability;

2.operating economy;

3.safety;

4.appearance;

5.comfort;

 

It is very significant that pick-up and speed, frequently stressed in automobile advertising, are, according to the answers of this question­naire, considered of least importance by the car buyers.

Section 7

1.Прочтите текст.

2.Найдите в тексте предложение, где говорится о способе переключения коробки передач, и переведите его.

3.Каков основной недостаток этого узла? Найдите в тексте это пред­ложение и переведите его.

4.Кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.

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