Automobile Synchromesh Transmissions

This automated transmission provides effective two-pedal motor­ing, with the standard four-speed all synchromesh gearbox, a hydraulically operated diaphragm spring clutch and a low ratio torque con­verter. A microswitch in the gear lever knob initiates clutch disengage­ment when the knob is touched, thus making normal gear changes de­spite the absence of the clutch pedal. Although the torque converter can start in any gear, it is desirable that the converter should start in the first or second gear from the point of view of acceleration requirements. Any gear ratio may be kept in engagement to suit the driver's wishes and road and traffic conditions.

This transmission makes driving in the city traffic easier and has good characteristics even when the car is moving on snow and ice. The only drawback of this synchromesh transmission is its cost.

Section 8

1.Прочтите текст.

2.Переведите текст на русский язык в письменной форме.

3.Для какого класса автомобилей предназначена (найдите в тексте) такая тормозная система?

TEXT

Super Stoppers

Disk and drum brakes are conventional ones. Improved hydraulic systems and anti-lock devices are designed to make brakes more effective. But they don't improve the brakes themselves.

Recently a clutch-type brake of extreming simplicity was created. Most brakes are cooled by air, like an air-cooled engine. But like a car engine they could be liquid-cooled, a water tank cools the brakes with itswater when the brakes reach a certain temperature. That method sho­uld be used only for sport cars, but not for conventional passenger-cars.

The inventor became interested in liquid cooling of brakes and developed several systems.

In passenger cars the engine's water and radiator were used to cool (he brakes. The idea is that both the engine and the brakes will not be generating peak heat at the same time.

Radar-controlled brakes are being studied now. In such cars radar is used for measuring the distance to the next car, printing that infor­mation into a simple computer, which points the accelerator, and brakes what to do.

Section 9

Прочтите текст и ответьте на следующие вопросы:

a.What elements does the electric gear change control system consist of?

b.Where is the system used?

c.What does the control system provide the driver?

TEXT

Electric Gear Change Control System

This electric gear change control system is for large vehicles. It consists of three basic elements: a controller located near the driver, an

electric cable to the transmission, and a solenoid actuated valve on the transmission that receives the signal from the driver to change gear selection.

The system is used in large trucks where the transmission is mounted far from the engine. The control system provides the driver a high degree of operation flexibility. The system also incorporates an inhibitor which prevents accidental down changing at high vehicle speed.

 

 

Section 10

1.Прочтите текст с целью общего понимания содержания.

2.Дайте описание основных узлов автомобиля.

3.Кратко изложите содержание текста на русском языке.

TEXT

Lotus Elan Саг

Lotus Elan is a car, capable of carrying four person and their lug­gage at great speed and in comfort. It is the finest sport car.

In construction, it is very similar to the two-seater Elan car, with a steel chassis, at the front of which the 16-litre engine is installed and at the rear the differential is located. The body is a glass-fiber unit, carry­ing no chassis stresses. The whole car is just 2 ft longer and 10 inch wider than the previous version.

With such a light and aerodynamic car the driver can reach maxi­mum 6500 rpm easily. Despite its high power output and two carburet­tors the engine always started easily. An engine is a smooth unit with a high torque.

Section 11

1.Прочтите текст 1 с целью общего понимания содержания.

2.Переведите текст, пользуясь словарем.

TEXT 1

Autotest of Volvo

Since previous tests of the car the engine capacity has been in­creased from 1.778 to 1.986 c.c.

Earlier Volvos had some real difference in appearance but the current series have international look, but with considerably more space for passengers and baggage than the earlier models. Technically, they are conventional, with the 2-litre 4-cylinder engine mounted in front, and rear-wheels drive through a 4-speed gearbox and coil-spring live axle.

Brakes are servo-assisted discs, the rear brakes incorporating small drums for the parking brake. Twin hydraulic circuits unite both front brakes to one rear brake, so that when one circuit fails only one brake is lost.

The synchromesh gearbox is satisfactory. In average conditions the car rides well.

Прочтите текст 2 и переведите его без словаря.

TEXT 2

Finding a Fault in the Car

If your car doesn't start in the morning, you should check three things first: the battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs. It is easy to repair these faults. If the battery is flat, you should recharge it. If this doesn't work, you should replace it. If the petrol tank is empty, fill it up. If the spark plugs are dirty, clean them, and if the gap in a spark plug is too narrow or too wide, adjust it to the correct width.

Section 12

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2.Ответьте на вопросы, помещенные после текста.

TEXT

Let's look closer at the engine components that operate together to generate power. The basic unit of the engine is the piston which moves up and down inside a cylinder. As air is compressed in the cylinder, fuel is injected on top of the piston. Under high pressure the fuel mixes with the hot air end self-ignites causing combustion. The force of the combustion pushes the piston and connecting rod down turning the crankshaft and flywheel which drive other components.

During engine operation the piston goes through four strokes: in­take, compression, power and exhaust. During the four strokes, the piston moves down and up to complete cycles.

Intake: During the intake stroke the piston moves down in the cylinder pulling air past an open intake valve into the combustion cham­ber.

Compression: During the compression stroke all valves are closed, and piston moves up in the cylinder compressing the air. As the air molecules are compressed the air temperature increases dramatically to about 1000° F (537° C). As the piston nears the top of its stroke, fuel is injected into the combustion chamber on top of the piston. The fuel mixes with the hot compressed air and causes combustion.

Power: During the power stroke the valves are closed as the forces from combustion push the piston and connecting rod down, thereby turning the crankshaft. The heat energy has now been converted into mechanical power.

Exhaust: During the exhaust stroke the inertial force of the turn­ing flywheel helps continue the rotation of the crankshaft to push the piston up again in the cylinder forcing the burned gases out the open exhaust valve. This completes the four strokes of the piston. These four strokes are repeated over and over as the engine operates.

Diesel engine offers the following advantages over automotive-type gasoline engines:

Fuel economy

Diesel engines have higher compression ratios and therefore burn fuel more completely and efficiently.

Reliability

Diesel engines have no electrical ignition system to fail or be main­tained. They are built with heavy-duty parts to withstand the higher compression ratios and to operate for long periods with minimum breakdown. In on-highway trucks for instance, diesel engines have a projected service life of many hundreds of thousands of miles.

Power

It depends on engine size, but diesel engines generally produce more torque and power output than gasoline engines.

QUESTIONS

1.What takes place in the combustion chamber during the intake stroke?

2.What takes place in the cylinder during the compression stroke?

3.What takes place in the combustion chamber during the power stroke?

4.What takes place in the combustion chamber during the ex­haust stroke?

5.What advantages do diesel engines offer?

Section 13

1.Прочтите текст с целью общего понимания содержания.

2.Напишите, что делается для того, чтобы сократить потери отработанного газа.

TEXT

The Саr and the Environment

Most of us know that cars cause air pollution. Scientists tell us that if we don't do something soon, we will be unable to repair the damage that we are causing to our planet. What are some of the things we can do to help?

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