Fractures and dislocations

1. The major local signs of fractures are as follows:

1. Pain and swelling.

2. Limb defiguration.

3. Lacerated wound with crushed tissues.

4. Pathological mobility of the limb.

5. Limb shortening.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 2, 3, 4. B. 2, 4, 5. C. 3, 4, 5. D. 1, 2, 3. E. 1, 3, 5.

2. The following types of bone fragment displacement are identified:

1. Combined.

2. Angulated.

3. Epiphysial.

4. Longitudinal.

5. Lateral.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 2, 4, 5. B. 1, 2, 4. C. 1, 3, 5. D. 3, 4, 5. E. 2, 3, 4.

3. As to localization, the following types of the fractures are identified:

1. Epiphysial.

2. Suberiosteal.

3. Diaphyseal.

4. Metaphyseal.

5. Epiphyseolysis.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3, 4. B. 1, 2, 3. C. 2, 3, 4. D. 1, 3, 4. E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

4. The methods of stable bone fragment fixation are as follows:

1. With Dietrichs splint.

2. With Cramer's splint.

3. With plaster bandage.

4. With intramedullary osteosynthesis.

5. With extramedullary osteosynthesis.

6. With compression and distractional osteosynthesis.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 4, 5. B. 3, 4, 5. C. 3, 4, 5, 6. D. 1, 4, 5, 6. E. 4, 5. 6.

5. The callus consists of the following layers:

1. Periosteal.

2. Endosteal.

3. Basal.

4. Intermediate.

5. Paraossal.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 1, 2, 4, 5. C. 1, 2, 3, 5. D. 1, 2, 4. E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

6. The histologic sequence of bone callus formation and maturation is as follows:

1. Primary bone callus formation.

2. Fibrous callus formation.

3. Osteoclasia.

4. Periosteal productive reaction.

5. Secondary bone corn formation.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 3, 4. C. 1, 3, 4. D. 1, 2, 4. E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

7. The major principles of fracture treatment are as follows:

1. Repositioning.

2. Correct bone fragment fixation.

3. Elimination of haematoma by its aspiration from the fractured zone.

4. Stimulation of bone consolidation and organ function restoration.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 3. C. 1, 3, 4. D. 1, 2, 4. E. 1, 2, 3, 4.

8. The sites of spoke insertion to provide skeletal traction are as follows:

1. The olecranon.

2. The anterior superior iliac spine.

3. The greater trochanter.

4. The lateral/medial condyle of femur.

5. The tubercle of tibia.

6. Over the ankle.

7. The ankle.

8. The calcaneum.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8. B. 1, 3, 4, 5, 8. C. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8. D. 1, 4, 5, 8. E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

9. Put the following steps in the right sequence required in shin fracture:

1. Local anaesthesia.

2. Passing the pin through the calcaneous bone.

3. Anaesthesia of the pin introduction site.

4. Fixing the weight and stirrup.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3, 4. B. 3, 1, 2, 4. C. 3, 2, 1, 4. D. 2, 3, 1, 4. E. 1, 3, 2, 4.

10. The indications for surgical treatment of fractures are which of the following:

1. Non-union and malunion of fractures.

2. Fresh medial fractures of the femoral neck.

3. Transverse fractures.

4. Muscle and fascia interposition.

5. Impacted fracture.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 2, 3, 4, 5. B. 1, 3, 5. C. 3, 4, 5. D. 1, 2, 4. E. 1, 2, 3, 4.

11. Which of the following types of the bone fragment fixation is non-surgical:

A. Silk sutures.

B. Connecting by metal plates.

C. Skeletal traction.

D. Insertion of the pin into the intramedullary canal.

E. Compression and distraction.

Choose the correct answers.

12. The local causes of delayed fracture union are as follows:

1. Soft tissue interposition.

2. Vitamin deficiency.

3. Bone fragment displacement resulting from repositioning failure.

4. Mineral metabolic disorder.

5. Poor blood supply of bone fragments.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 2, 3, 4. C. 1, 3, 4. D. 3, 4, 5. E. 1, 3, 5.

13. The late complications of trauma are as follows:

1. Chromic osteomyelitis with fistulas.

2. Varicose (trophic) ulcers.

3. Damage to the vital organs.

4. Organ dysfunction caused by scarring.

5. Contractures.

6. Post-traumatic seizures.

Choose the right combination of answers:

A. 1, 3, 4. B. 4. C. 1, 2, 4, 6. D. 1, 2, 3. E. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

14. It is postulated that the bone which is more likely to be dislocated has the joint surface situated more distal to the other bones of the joint, with the exception of:

A. Shoulder dislocation.

B. Elbow dislocation.

C. Finger phalanx dislocation.

D. Thigh dislocation.

E. Vertebral dislocation.

Choose the correct answer.

15. The sequence of steps in shoulder dislocation replacement by Kocher is which of the following:

1. Flexion of the forearm in the elbow joint.

2. Anterior elbow adduction with simultaneous shoulder inward rotation.

3. Adduction of the shoulder to the trunk.

4. Forward and upward arm raising.

5. Simultaneous shoulder downtraction and outward rotation.

Choose the right combination of answer:

A. 2, 1, 4, 3. B. 1, 5, 4, 3. C. 4, 3, 2, 5. D. 1, 3, 5, 2. E. 3, 5, 1, 2.

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