Ex. 7. Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

The Impact of the Little Ice Age

The increase in cold air affecting Europe led to more frequent 0. ___storms__ in the north of the continent.

The sea level rose because of 1. ______________ caused earlier, and this led to 2.______________ in which many people died. Animals and crops were destroyed by 3. ______________ in the summer. As the climate cooled, 4. ______________ spread, causing great destruction.

In agriculture, the Little Ice Age led to a shorter 5. ______________, which had a particular impact on 6. ______________ that need long periods of warmth. A further problem was that 7. ______________ were more vulnerable than those of today. In consequence, 8. ______________ were poor. Large numbers of people died in the 9. ______________ that occurred in several countries. In addition, 10.______________ reduced many people’s immunity to diseases. One illness, St Anthony’s Fire, was caused by a 11. ______________ that cold grow in bread.

Ex. 8. Complete the summary below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.

 

The Polar Front Jet Stream

The Polar Front Jet Stream is a wind at a height of up to 1. ______________ kilometres above the earth’s surface. It moves at approximately 2.______________ km per hour during the winter. The direction of movement is caused by the earth’s 3. ______________. The jet stream is formed where cold polar air meets warm 4. ______________ air.

It was first identified by 5. ______________ in the 1940s. Planes benefit in terms of both 6. ______________ but 7. ______________ is difficult.

Forecasters use jet streams to predict where depressions will form, and whether the British Isles will have potentially destructive 8. ______________ or only 9.______________.

Global warming may move the jet stream to the 10. ______________ in the summer, creating 11. ______________ conditions in the British Isles.

 

Ex. 9. A) Complete the summary below using words from the box.

disease   drought   dust    floods   hunger ice    lava       migration    night     riots     snow storms      sunlight    temperatures

 

The eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 filled the air with 1 ______________. The amount of 2. ______________ was reduced. The effects on the weather of 1816 included 3. ______________ in places where it was a rare occurrence, and 4.______________ that severely damaged crops. Many Europeans suffered from 5.______________, and there were serious 6. ______________ in many towns. In the USA there was considerable 7. ______________ from affected areas to the more fertile Midwest.

B) Work in pairs or groups and discuss the question below.

SPEAKING

Ex. 10. Describe an environmental problem.

 

You should say:

• what it is

• how long it has existed

• how it affects people’s lives

and explain how you think the problem will develop in the future.

 

1. Which environmental problems are people most concerned about in your country?

2. What are the main causes of these environmental problems?

3. Do you think it is the responsibility of governments alone to protect the environment?

4. What measures can individuals take to protect the environment?

5. Do you think large companies and business organisations should be more environmentally friendly? Why? How?

6. How can we teach children about the importance of protecting the environment?

LISTENING

Ex. 11. A) Listen to an interview with Dr Andrew Scott, an expert on the environment. Tick the things he talks about.

 

• the world population in 2030

• the world population in 1930

• the number of people over 65

• cities in the future

• food and water

• global warming and climate change

• green energy

• protecting wildlife

• protecting rainforests

 

B) Listen again. Which of these sentences does Dr Scott think are true about the year 2030? Correct the false sentences.

 

1 The planet will be very crowded.

2 There will be about 8.2 billion people on the planet.

3 China will have a bigger population than India.

4 We might have 10 cities with populations of over 20 million.

5 It won’t be easy to produce food for everybody.

6 Green energy will be very important.

 

C) Work in pairs. Do you agree with Dr Scott’s predictions? Why?/Why not? Describe something you do regularly that helps protect the environment.

 

You should say:

• what it is

• how often you do it

• what it involves

and explain how it helps protect the environment

 

Follow-up questions:

 

1. Do you recycle? What kinds of things do you recycle?

2. Apart from recycling, what can each of us do to help protect the environment?

3. Do you ever litter?

4. Is there a big litter problem in your area?

5. Is pollution a big problem where you live?

6. Are you concerned about protecting the environment?

7. Is it really possible for one person to make a difference in terms of helping protect the environment?

8. Why should we try to protect the environment - why is it important?

9. What kinds of human activities have damaged the environment?

10. What consequences does the damage we have done to the environment have for wild animals?

11. Are we more aware of environmental issues than we used to be?

12. What is the biggest environmental problem we are faced with today?

13. Is there a way to encourage companies to become more environmentally friendly?

 

READING

Ex. 12. A) Read the text and say if your idea of an ideal trip coincides with the concept of ecotourism.

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