Form the word to complete the sentence.

Simulation programs play a fundamental role in 1 … (optimize) the design of particle physics experiments. In the development of recon­struction programs, they provide the necessary input in the form of simulated raw data. In the 2 … (analyse) process they are required to understand the systematic effects resulting from detector resolu­tion and acceptance, as well as the influence of background processes. The predecessors of the Geant4 toolkit – which were writ­ten in the now almost obsolete Fortran language – were

3 …(success) used at CERN for experiments at the laboratory's Large Electron-Positron collider and for the design of experiments for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

Geant4 was launched as an R&D project in 1994 to demonstrate the 4 … (suit) of object-oriented programming technology for large software projects in particle physics. The initial 5… (collaborate) of members of particle physics institutes around the world has since been joined by scientists from the European Space Agency (ESA) and members of the medical community.

The Geant4 software toolkit was designed to simulate particle 6 … (interact) with matter for particle physics. It contains components to model in detail the geometry and materials of complex particle detectors. The 7… (simulate) particles are propagated through magnetic and electrical fields and through the materials of the detectors. The core of the program contains information on numerous physics processes that govern the 8 … (interact) of particles across a wide energy range. Visualization tools and a flexible user interface are available as separate components. Rigorous software engineering makes Geant4 open to change in a rapidly evolving software envi­ronment, while at the same time ensuring that it can be easily and fully 9 … (maintain) over the lifetime of large-scale experiments.

 

Translate the text into English

Компьютерная томография – это современный и точный метод рентгенологического исследования, заключающийся в круговом просвечивании объекта рентгеновскими лучами и позволяющий получить послойные срезы и детальную информацию о расположении, размерах и составе тканей человеческого организма. В настоящее время этот метод используется все чаще и чаще. Это неинвазивный (не требующий оперативного вмешательства) и безопасный метод и поэтому он применяется при многих заболеваниях. Полученные результаты позволяют врачам своевременно и правильно определить диагноз, а также тактику лечения заболевания. С помощью компьютерной томографии можно исследовать практически любой орган – от мозга до костей. Часто этот метод используют для уточнения патологий, выявленных другими методами. В отличие от обычного рентгена, на котором лучше всего видны кости и воздухоносные (aeriferous) структуры (легкие), на компьютерном томографе отлично видны и мягкие ткани (мозг, печень и т.д.). Это дает возможность диагностировать болезни на ранних стадиях.

Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Magnetic resonance scanning is a fairly recent invention.

2. Radio wave frequencies are associated with different chemical environments.

3. MRI can provide the imaging of soft body tissues.

4. MRI can be used to detect tumors.

5. The first patients to be examined by this technique were sportsmen.

MRI , PET, CAT

  Unlike X-ray, magnetic resonance scanning can reveal soft tissue details, allowing doctors to look inside bodies and record every corporeal detail. MRI dates back to a Nobel-prize-winning technique called “nuclear magnetic resonance” demonstrated in 1945 by two American groups. When matter is placed in a magnetic field, some atomic nuclei behave like compass needles that can point in only a few directions, each characterized by different energy levels, or “spins”.

Nuclear spins can be forced to jump between energy levels when bombarded by radio waves of certain frequencies. Around 1950 it was discovered that these frequencies depended not only on the atomic nuclei, but also on their environment, leading to magnetic resonance’s initial use as a tool for chemical analysis.

  The next stage in the development came when the NMR pioneer Felix Bloch stuck his finger into his apparatus and noticed a strong signal created by his finger’s high water content. If resonating hydrogen nuclei from the water were giving off radio waves, Bloch reasoned that magnetic resonance imaging could reveal people’s insides without opening them up.

  In 1971, Raymond Damadian, an American scientist, showed that MRI could be used to detect tumors. In 1977, his team made the first image of an entire human body by beaming high-frequency radio waves into a patient in the strong magnetic field of a whole-body scanner. The technique is now widely used to make detailed pictures of tissue structure. It can also reveal metabolic processes at work within the body.

   In 1993, a murderer executed in Texas became the first “virtual man “, when a composite three-dimensional “fly-through” computer image of his body was created with the help of MRI.

 

VOCABULARY STUDY

10. Choose the appropriate word to fill the gaps:

a) capable b) co-incidentally   c) corrosion-free   d) curiosity e) design     f) devices g) founded    j) implanted i) model k) perfecting l) supplemented m) technology n) unlucky o) wrong

Cardiac Pacemaker

Anyone … (1) enough to suffer from cardiac problems some fifty years ago might have been hooked up to an early version of the cardiac pacemaker, a cumbersome device about the same size as a large television set. Such machine …(2) the electrical impulses that triggered the heart, but were too large to be used anywhere than in hospital.

By 1958, American medical engineer Wilson Greatbatch had been working for several years on a pacemaker … (3) in his garden shed, and was inspired one morning to invent one of the most significant medical … (4) of all time: the implantable pacemaker. While trying to use the recently-invented transistor... (5) to build an oscillator in order to record the beating of the human heart, Greatbatch grabbed the … (6) transistor from his toolbox. He had already put it into the circuitry when he realized his mistake. Out of … (7) he switched on the circuit and found that it produced a regular blip of current, … (8) at the same frequency as the average human heart. Greatbatch realized that it could be used to control a cardiac pacemaker.

In May 1958 the first working … (9) was successfully implanted in a dog. Greatbatch then worked at … (10) the tiny electrical generator, powered by a small battery, fitted with electrodes to carry pulses of current to different parts of the heart.

In 1960 surgeons at Milliard Fillmore Hospital at Buffalo, in New York state, … (11)  the first production Greatbatch into a 77-year-old patient. It worked perfectly for 18 months.

Greatbatch went on to develop a battery … (12) of long life and safe operation. His breakthrough in the 1970s was to adapt the … (13) long-life lithium battery for pace-maker us. He patented the technology, … (14) a factory to make the cell, and today his company sells or licenses production of 90 per cent of the world’s pacemaker batteries.

Note: cardiac pacemaker − кардиостимулятор

 

GRAMMAR PRACTICE: Inversion (Emphasis) (GR-30 p.211)

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