Translate the following sentences.

1. Not only did Archimedes invent a lot of basic mechanical devices, but he built the first water pump, which is called Archimedes screw.

2. One of those who did understand Copernicus was the English astronomer Thomas Digges, who wrote the first explanation of the Copernican system in English in 1576.

3. Unlike Brahe Kepler did accept Copernican model, and in a brilliant feat of inspiration, he found a way to make it fit the facts, using Brahe’s observations.

4. Some people condemned Darwin’s idea as an affront to god, for nowhere did Darwin’s ideas leave room for the biblical creation.

5. Although Galileo did not formulate his ideas with the same grand clarity and mathematical certainty of Newton, he did lay the foundations of our modern understanding of how things move.

 

12. Fill the gaps using the following words:

pulled     realized    seen shared  was   were

1. It was Lavoisier who  … it all together and made all significant advances in his own right.

2. It was Lavoisier who … that every substance can exist in three states – solid, liquid and gaseous.

3. Although Archimedes did not hesitate to build machines and conduct practical experiments, it is his purely intellectual achievements that … his lasting legacy.

4.  It was Lord Rutherford who … the first man to succeed in making one element from another and who was the founder of ‘philosopher’s stone’.

5. It was not until 17 years later that Eijkman and Gowland (Pekelharing being by then dead) … the Nobel Prize for their work.

6. It is perhaps in the study of muscles where Leonardo’s blend of artistry and scientific analysis is best ….

LISTENING COMPREHENSION     Business Trip.  Booking a Hotel.

You will hear a PA (personal assistant) calling three hotels in order to book accommodation for people coming to attend a conference. Fill the table with details of features and facilities of these hotels.

 

	1.	2.	3.
Name of the hotel
Location
Noisy/quiet
Eating facilities
Sports and recreation facilities
Entertainment

 

UNIT 27                         ENGINEERING

1. Read the text and say if the following statements are true or false:

a) Engineering was originally divided into military engineering, which included construction of fortifications as well as military engines, and civil engineering, involved in non-military projects.

b) Throughout his career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas.

c) The fields where engineer works never overlap.

  The history of the concept of "engineering" stems from the earliest times when humans began to make clever inventions, such as the pulley, lever, or wheel, etc. The exact etymology of the word engineer, however, is a person occupationally connected with the study, design, and implementation of engines. The word "engine", derives from the Latin ingenium, meaning "innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention." Hence, an engineer, essentially, is someone who makes useful or practical inventions.

   From another perspective, a now obsolete meaning of engineer, dating from 1325, is "a constructor of military engines". Engineering was originally divided into military engineering, which included construction of fortifications as well as military engines, and civil engineering, involved in non-military projects, such as bridge construction. The Acropolis and the Parthenon in Greece, the Roman aquaducts, Via Appia and the Colosseum, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Pharos of Alexandria, the pyramids in Egypt, Teotihuacan and the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca and Aztec Empires, the Great Wall of China, among many others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers.

With the rise of engineering as a profession in the nineteenth century the term became more narrowly applied to fields in which mathematics and science were applied to these ends. Similarly, in addition to military and civil engineering the fields then known as the mechanic arts became incorporated into engineering.

   Engineering, much like science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Historically the main Branches of Engineering are categorized as follows: Aerospace Engineering; Chemical Engineering; Civil Engineering; Electrical Engineering; Mechanical Engineering.

  With the rapid advancement of Technology many new fields are gaining prominence and new branches are developing such as Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Nanotechnology, Molecular engineering, Mechatronics etc. These new specialities sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches such as Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics and Electrical and Computer Engineering. For each of these fields there exists considerable overlap, especially in the areas of the application of sciences to their disciplines such as physics, chemistry and mathematics.

   Engineers borrow ideas from physics and mathematics to find suitable solutions to the problem at hand. They apply the scientific method in deriving their solutions. If multiple options exist, engineers weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. The crucial and unique task of the engineer is to identify, understand, and interpret the constraints on a design in order to produce a successful result. It is usually not enough to build a technically successful product; it must also meet further requirements. Constraints may include available resources, physical, imaginative or technical limitations, flexibility for future modifications and additions, and other factors, such as requirements for cost, safety, marketability, productibility, and serviceability. By understanding the constraints, engineers derive specifications for the limits within which a viable object or system may be produced and operated.

   Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, and appropriate experience to find suitable solutions to a problem. Engineering is considered a branch of applied mathematics and science. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyse it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions. Usually multiple reasonable solutions exist, so engineers must evaluate the different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets their requirements.

 

2. In the text find equivalents to the phrases:

- понятие “инженерное дело” берет начало с древних времен;

- производство двигателей;

- с другой стороны;

- устаревшее значение слова “инженер”;

- строительство укреплений;

- свидетельство гениальности и искусства древних строителей;

- эти дисциплины связаны с различными областями инженерного дела;

- на протяжении карьеры инженера.

 

 

VOCABULARY STUDY

3. Match two words from 1-10 with the words a-j and translate:

1. practical 2. rapid 3. considerable 4. mental      5. match

6. available 7. viable 8. mathematical 9. successful 10. multiple

 

a) advancement b) inventions c) model d) object e) options

f) overlap g) power h) product i) resources j) the requirements

 

 

4. Choose the word to complete the text and give it a title:

   By its very nature engineering is bound up with society and human …(1). Еvery product or construction used by modern society will have been influenced by engineering design. Engineering design is a very … 2 tool to make changes to environment, society and economies, and its application brings with it a great responsibility, as represented by many of the Engineering Institutions codes of practice and ethics. Whereas medical ethics is a well-established field with considerable consensus, engineering ethics is far less developed, and engineering projects can be subject to considerable … 3. Just a few examples of this from different engineering disciplines are the … 4 of nuclear weapons, the Three Gorges Dam, the design and use of Sports Utility Vehicles and the extraction of oil. There is a growing trend amongst western engineering companies to … 5  serious Corporate and Social Responsibility policies, but many companies do not have these.

Engineering is a key driver of human development. Sub-Saharan Africa in particular has a very small engineering … 6  which results in many African nations being unable to develop crucial infrastructure without outside aid. The attainment of many of the Millennium Development Goals … 7 the achievement of sufficient engineering capacity to develop infrastructure and sustainable technological development. All overseas development and relief NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization) make … 8 use of engineers to apply solutions in disaster and development scenarios. A number of charitable organizations aim to use engineering directly for the good of mankind:

· Engineers Without Borders

· Engineers Against Poverty

· Registered Engineers for Disaster Relief

· Engineers for a Sustainable World

 

1. a ) behavior         b) characteristics   c) bred

2. a) great               b) powerful            c) genuine

3. a ) controversy    b) challenge           c) counterpart

4. a ) failure                  b) success             c) development

5. prohibit                   b) enact                 c) allow

6. a ) capacity          b)quality                     c) quantity

7. a) means             b) borrows             c) requires

8. a ) considerable   b) reliable              c) careful

 

5. Match the two parts of the sentences:

1. Engineers typically attempt to predict

2. They use among other things:

3. Testing ensures that products

4. Engineers as professionals take seriously their responsibility

5. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their designs

6. However, the greater the safety factor,

 

a) to produce designs that will perform as expected and will not cause unintended harm to the public at large.

b) how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production.

c) the less efficient the design may be.

d) prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress tests.

e) will perform as expected.

f) to reduce the risk of unexpected failure.

TALKING POINT

6. Discuss in pairs:

a. the scope of Engineering

b. if Engineering borrows its ideas from other sciences

c. advancement of Technology and development of Engineering

MAKING PRESENTATION

 7. Make a Power Point presentation:

a) about your future profession.

b) give reasons for having chosen it and prospects of your career.

 

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