THE LOW-FALL TONE IN SPECIAL QUESTIONS AND

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

In unemphatic speech special questions and exclamatory sentences are pronounced with the Low - Fall Tone.

What's the time? 'wPts Dq "taIm ||

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THE HIGH-FALL TONE

The High - Fall Tone is as categoric as the Low - Fall and expresses finality.

It indicates liveliness (живость), polite and friendly interest,personal involvement (личная заинтересованность).

It is used in emotionally coloured narrative sentences, special questions and exclamations.

The speaker uses this tone because some word is especially important for him and he wants to draw the listner's attention to this word.

The Fall occurs in the stressed syllable of the word. The Fall begins on a higher level than in unemphatic speech and ends on a low level. The other words in the sentences are pronounced either with full strees or they are half - or unstressed.

It's warm today, isn't it.

Its "wLm tq.deIl"Iznt It | |

 

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It's very warm today

Its 'verI . wLm tq.deI

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Lesson 9.

THE PHONEME [ V ]

The bulk of the tongue is in the back part of the mouth cavity, but slightly advanced.

The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate. The lips are slightly rounded.

[V] is a back - advanced, close broad, rounded, short lax vowel

    phoneme.

The Russian [у] is more back and the lips are more rounded and protruded than for [V].

 

THE PARTICAL TO BEFORE THE INFINITIVE

The partical to [tH] is never used in its strong form. It has 2 weak (reduced) forms:

      1) [tq] + infinitive, beginning with a consonant:

to praise [tq 'preIz].

      2) [tV] + infinitive, beginning with a vowel:

to answer [tV 'Rnsq].

 

COMPOUND NOUNS

As a rule, compound nouns have one stress, i.e. on the first element: blackboard ['blxkbLd]

But, if the second element consists of 2 or more syllables it often has a secondary stress:

mother - country ['mADq "kAntrI]

book - keeper ['bVk "Jpq]

THE PHONEME [ H ]

The bulk of the tongue is retracted more than for [V]. The back of the tongue is raised in the direction of the soft palate higher than for [V]. The sound is long and tense. During the pronunciation of [H] the tongue moves grom a more advanced and open position to a closer and more retracted position - the vowel is diphthongised. The tenseness increases towards the end. The lips towards the end are more rounded.

[H] is a back close narrow diphthongized rounded long tense vowel

    phoneme.

 

THE PHONEME [ aV ]

The nucleus is ponounced with the bulk of the tongue in the front part of the mouth, but slightly retracted. The front of the tongue is slightly raised. The nucleus is front-retracted open broad unrounded. During the glide the tongue moves higher and backwards, as for [V], but doesn't reach its position. As a result, the glide often sounds like a weak [o].

Don't protrude the lips.

[aV] is a diphthong of the front row.

[a] is a nucleus. It is a front-retracted, open, broad unrounded

     vowel phoneme.

[V] is a glide.

 

THE PHONEME [ h ]

It is articulated with a strong air stream passing through the open glottis.

The bulk of the tongue and the lips are held in the positions necessary for the articulation of a following vowel.

[h] is a glottal constructive noise voiceless consonant phoneme.

This sound is found only before vowels.

 

Lesson 10.

THE PHONEME [ Iq ]

During the pronunciation of the nucleus the bulk of the tongue is in the front part of the mouth cavity.

The front of the tongue is raised to the position of the vowel [I]. During the glide the tongue moves back and down towards [q].

[Iq] is a diphthong of the front row.

[I] is a nucleus. It is a front-retracted, close, broad, unrounded vowel phoneme.

[q] is a glide.

Don't replace the diphthong [Iq] by the monophthongs [I] or [J] especially before the sonorant [r].

 

THE PHONEME [ E: ]

The central part of the tongue rises almost as high as for [e]. The tongue lies flat. The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth.

[E:] is a central midopen narrow unrounded long  and tense vowel

    phoneme.

There must be:

1) no lip-rounding in pronouncing the English [E:].

2) no arching of the tongue:

- the tip of the tongue touches the base of the lower teeth

- the opening between the jaws must be narrow

- the lips must be spread.

 

THE COMBINATION OF A CONSONANT + [ r ]

1. In the following words

try [traI]     compare tie [taI]

dress [dres]               die [daI]

Henry ['henrI]             hen [hen]

already [Ll'redI]           all [Ll]

the alveolar variants of the phonemes [t] [d] [n] [l] are replaced by their post-alveolar variants under the influence of the following post-alveolar consonant [r].

2. In the following words

price [praIs] compare rice [raIs]

try [traI]              dry [draI]

cream [krJm]          green [grJn]

friend [frend]        rend [rend]

threat [Tret]       read [red]

The sonorant [r] is partly devoiced under the influence of the preceding voiceless consonants [p] [t] [k], [f] [T]

 

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