Unit 7 Benefits of Standardized Communication

Standard phraseology is essential for several reasons. Flying is increasingly an international venture, for even those pilots who never venture far from their home airports encounter fliers from other lands. At the end of World War II, industry leaders of various nations recognized aviation’s international tendency and formed the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ICAO established English as the standard aviation language; international aviation communication was and is to be conducted in English. Pilots from non-English speaking countries must be able to read, write, and speak English sufficiently to use the aviation system, but at the beginning of the twenty-first century, reliably judging that ability in every corner of the industry was still uncertain. The twentieth century’s worst aircraft accident, the Tenerife, Canary Islands, collision of two loaded Boeing 747’s, hinged solely on unclear communications.

Responding to these deficiencies, the ICAO’s Proficiency Requirements In Common English Study Group (PRICESG/2) completed its second meeting and final report in May, 2001. The ICAO’s goal is to implement an English language proficiency standard for aviation in the twenty-first century. That standard is to address pronunciation, stress and intonation, grammar and syntax, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, and interaction. The group suggested a list of items to be included in ICAO guidance material. These included the full ICAO scale with a glossary of terminology, elaboration of each level, and examples; an English language competencies chart specifying language performance objectives appropriate to the air traffic controller and pilot work domain; an introduction to English language acquisition and learning theories and methodologies; a manual describing the characteristics and attributes of sound English language training programs; a discussion of the importance of “extended” English, relevant to a controller and pilot’s ability to handle unusual aviation circumstances and emergencies; and approaches to testing English language speaking and listening proficiency.

Aviator’s Alphabet

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, aviation was largely dependent on radio communications for both safety and efficiency. Air traffic control has developed from what was basically a trial-and-error experiment in the 1930’s to an essential segment of the aviation industry. It works best when all participants understand the system and use it properly. Understanding is the most important commodity in pilot-controller communications. To establish a solid basis for understanding, in the early 1970’s the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States established a pilot/controller glossary. In that glossary, words and phrases to be used in flight have specific meanings.

Aviation communication relies on these standardized meanings. The FAA calls this “phraseology,” and sets forth these words, phrases, and their meanings in the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM divides its treatment of communications into a user-friendly general discussion, placing the pilot/controller glossary handily at the end of the book. The FAA also had to deal with the issue of letters and numbers spoken over aviation radios. Each nation registers its airplanes using letters and numbers or letters alone; these tail numbers establish an airplane’s identity in radio communication. To facilitate this, one segment of the AIM displays a phonetic alphabet wherein individual letters are pronounced as specific and familiar words. The AIM treats numbers just as thoughtfully, rendering easily confused numbers with distinct sounds. For example, in conversational use, the numbers “five” and “nine” can be impossible to distinguish in noisy environments or when accents blur them. Aviation pronounces “five” as “fife” and “nine” as “niner.” Number sets such as “fifteen” and “fifty” are easily misheard even in the quiet of casual office conversation. Aviation addresses this by instructing pilots to, in most cases, speak each number separately. “Fifteen,” therefore, becomes “wun fife” and a correctly speaking pilot or controller says “fifty” as “fife zero.” On the other hand, the AIM instructs pilots and controllers to speak airliner call signs and airways in the more conversational format.

 

Exercises

1. Answer the following questions.

1) What is the goal of ICAO’s English language proficiency standard for aviation?

2) What is this standard addressed to?

3) What is the most important commodity in pilot-controller communications?

4) What was a pilot/controller glossary established for?

5) What does aviation communication rely on?

6) Why is standard phraseology essential?

7) How is the issue of letters and numbers spoken over aviation radios dealt?

 

2. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words:

Implement; relevant; appropriate; circumstance(s); suggest; proficiency requirement; deficiency, sufficiently, deficiency, syntax, vocabulary, fluency, comprehension, ICAO scale, glossary, terminology, objectives, work domain; aviation circumstances, emergencies, distinguish, misheard

 

3. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions:

(1) метод проб и ошибок, (2) самое важное в общении пилота и авиадиспетчера, (3) зависеть от, (4) устанавливать, (5) иметь особое значение, (6) соответствовать, (7) выполнять, (8) справляться с нестандартными и аварийными ситуациями, (9) имеющий отношение к, (10) международный проект, (11) квалификационные требования, (12) Международная организация гражданской авиации, ИКАО

 

4. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions:

(1) enterprise, (2) airfield, (3) mischance, (4) message, (5) aim, (6) proficiency standard, (7) ability to understand, (8) mutual action, (9) the act of speaking, (10) a person, who directs the movement of airplanes, (11) handbook, (12) pilot’s ABC,  (13) a collection of specialized terms with their meanings, (14) difficult to understand figures, (15) to hear wrongly.

5. Rearrange the words to make sentences

1. сommodity/ in pilot-controller/Understanding/communications/is/the most important

2. FAA of the United States/To establish a solid basis for understanding/ set up/a pilot/controller glossary

3. goal/ to implement/The ICAO’s/is/in the twenty-first century/an English language proficiency standard/for aviation

4. also/had to/The FAA/deal with/spoken over aviation radios/the issue of letters and numbers.

5. registers/using letters and numbers/its airplanes/ or letters alone/these tail numbers establish an/Each nation/airplane’s identity/in radio communication.

6. To/the communication/facilitate/one segment of the AIM/displays/wherein /a phonetic alphabet/individual letters/are pronounced/as specific and familiar words.

6. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. В конце Второй мировой войны ведущие предприятия различных стран осознали усиление интернационального характера авиации и учредили Международную организацию гражданской авиации.

2. Целью ИКАО является обеспечение выполнения стандартов в области квалификационных требований к знанию английского языка для целей авиации. ИКАО объявила английский язык стандартным языком общения в авиации; международное общение в авиации происходило и должно происходить на английском языке.

   3. Стандарт профессионального владения состоит во владении навыками произношения, ударения и интонации, грамматикой и синтаксисом, лексикой, беглостью произнесения, понимания и взаимодействия.

4. Понимание – самое важное в общении пилота и диспетчера. Для того чтобы установить прочную основу понимания, в начале 70-х годов Федеральное управление гражданской авиации США учредило глоссарий «пилот - диспетчер». В этом глоссарии слова и фразы для использования во время полёта имеют специализированные значения.  

5. ФАА надо было решить проблему передачи букв и цифр с помощью бортового радио.

7. Complete each sentence (1-10) with one of the endings (A-J).

1	The ICAO’s goal is	in the early 1970’s the FAA of the United States set up a pilot/controller glossary
2	Air traffic control has developed from what	for even those pilots who never venture far from their home airports encounter fliers from other lands.
3	To establish a solid basis for understanding,	dependent on radio communications for both safety and efficiency
4	Flying is increasingly an international venture,	was basically a trial-and-error experiment in the 1930’s to an essential segment of the aviation industry
5	At the beginning of the twenty-first century, aviation was largely	to implement an English language proficiency standard for aviation in the twenty-first century

 

8. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):

1	to handle	A	to depend on
2	to implement	B	appropriate to the matter in hand
3	to hinge on	C	to complete
4	relevant to	D	to deal with
5	to establish	E	project
6	venture	F	to set up

 

7	phraseology	G	advancement in knowledge or skill
8	venture	H	to see or hear (someone or something) clearly
9	standard	I	a new activity, project, business, etc., that typically involves risk
10	communication	J	the way that a particular person or group uses words
11	controller	K	the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express or exchange information or to express your ideas to someone else
12	proficiency	L	to make indistinct
13	glossary	M	to hear (something that is said) incorrectly
14	confuse	N	a dictionary of the special terms in a particular field or job
15	distinguish	O	a structure built for or serving as a base or support
16	misheard	P	a person who directs the action of something

9. а ) Complete the text with the words from the box. Use the correct grammar forms

demonstrate	surpassing	provide
switch between	Due to	have a dependency on
rely on approach	determine significant speedups	depending on play an important role

Hybrid Systems (Discrete Logic + Continuous Dynamics)

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