Unit 8 Landing, Takeoff  and En Route Procedures

Air terminal ATC involves aircraft departures and arrivals. Its procedures include issuing instrument flight rules route clearances and communicating departure runways, taxi instructions, and definition of climb and altitude routes. These operations assure passengers of safe, speedy air traffic patterns.

A departing aircraft enters the taxiway as instructed by the ground controller and the pilot waits being fitted into the pattern of incoming and outgoing flights. ATC controllers allocate available departure runways to enable safe aircraft separation. Once the aircraft climbs to its initial altitude on an ATC-instructed heading, departure control makes sure that radio contact with the departing pilot is established before allowing a new takeoff. More instructions clear the aircraft for its final climb to the en route segment of the flight and for transferring the pilot to the next control facility.

Air traffic controllers relay descent instructions to incoming aircraft to keep them separated by five-mile intervals. As the aircraft approaches an airport, its speed is adjusted and its flight path altered to maintain an aircraft separation of over three miles within airport boundaries.

ATC controllers determine aircraft landing sequences, stacking plans, and takeoff adjustments to handle aircraft flow. To simplify this flow, all commercial aircraft remain at their origin airport until it is confirmed that a landing site will be available at their destination airport at the planned arrival time. Travelers often become frustrated when a pilot cannot obtain a landing slot after leaving the gate at the origin airport, but the practice maximizes safety since flight delays are safer when spent on the ground than in the air.

The last part of descent control transfers the aircraft to the approach controller. Data from radar surveillance determine the final landing directions. Radar monitors optimize landing, and once on a runway, the pilot and the ground controller interact to prevent aircraft movement conflicts on the field. This controller also tells the pilot how to reach the craft’s apron or parking position at the airport.

En route ATC includes monitoring the routes between terminals granted to individual pilots. A flight follows a predetermined path in a defined airway corridor. Effective en route ATC instructs pilots when and how to avoid nearby aircraft. During most flights, a given ATC facility periodically transfers control of each flight within its jurisdiction to the next facility on a flight plan. For this reason, ATC gives pilots radio-frequency changes that occur as they are passed on to the next controller along their flight paths.

The availability of inertial navigation units for commercial aircraft has reduced the need for this communication. In an inertial navigation unit, a computer and gyroscope are oriented to true north, while speed sensors track the aircraft’s direction and the distance to its destination. Although inertial navigational units can fly virtually automatically until the aircraft reaches an airport, en route information is provided for safety and to warn of impending delays or other dangers. As a result, all IFR aircraft are monitored continuously throughout each flight. In addition, pilots must get ATC approval before making any flight path alterations.

The main rule systems governing flights are instrument flight rules (IFR) and visual flight rules (VFR). The minimum instruments needed for VFR are an airspeed indicator, an altimeter, and a magnetic direction indicator. In VFR, pilots fly using visual ground references and a “see and be seen” rule. The minimum requirements for VFR vary, but often include cloud ceilings of 1,000 feet and visibility of three miles.

IFR are used if aircraft operate above 18,000 feet, an area known as Class A airspace. Outside this airspace, any aircraft may use VFR, although only slow-moving, low flying aircraft or small jets on short flights routinely do so.

Exercises

 

1. You should check the pronunciation of key words. Transcribe the words:

Procedures, issuing, departure, en route, surveillance, jurisdiction, ceilings, routinely, visual

 

2. Find in the texts the English equivalents for the following expressions:

(1) departure runways, (2) the en route segment of the flight, (3) descent instructions, (4) aircraft landing sequences, (5) to handle aircraft flow, (6) obtain a landing slot, (7) a defined airway corridor, (8) instrument flight rules, (9) visual flight rules, (10) a magnetic direction indicator

 

3. Rearrange the words to make sentences.

1. сommodity/ in pilot-controller/Understanding/communications/is/the most important

2. FAA of the United States/To establish a solid basis for understanding/ set up/a pilot/controller glossary

3. goal/ to implement/The ICAO’s/is/in the twenty-first century/an English language proficiency standard/for aviation

4. also/had to/The FAA/deal with/spoken over aviation radios/the issue of letters and numbers.

5. registers/using letters and numbers/its airplanes/ or letters alone/these tail numbers establish an/Each nation/airplane’s identity/in radio communication.

6. To/the communication/facilitate/one segment of the AIM/displays/wherein /a phonetic alphabet/individual letters/are pronounced/as specific and familiar words.

 

4. Match the words from the texts (1-5) with their synonyms (A-E):

1	to handle	A	to depend on
2	to implement	B	appropriate to the matter in hand
3	to hinge on	C	to complete
4	relevant to	D	to deal with
5	to establish	E	project
6	venture	F	to set up

5. Complete each sentence (1-10) with one of the endings (A-J.)

1	The ICAO’s goal is	in the early 1970’s the FAA of the United States set up a pilot/controller glossary
2	Air traffic control has developed from what	for even those pilots who never venture far from their home airports encounter fliers from other lands.
3	To establish a solid basis for understanding,	dependent on radio communications for both safety and efficiency
4	Flying is increasingly an international venture,	was basically a trial-and-error experiment in the 1930’s to an essential segment of the aviation industry
5	At the beginning of the twenty-first century, aviation was largely	to implement an English language proficiency standard for aviation in the twenty-first century

6. Answer the following questions.

1.  What do ATC  procedures include?

2. What do ATC controllers determine?

3. What are the minimum instruments needed for visual flight rules?

4. When are instrument flight rules used?

5. What does en route ATC include?

 

7. Translate the following sentences into English:

Попробуем разобрать этапы этого полета на примере работы авиадиспетчеров. Eще на земле экипаж должен получить разрешение на этот полет от диспетчера аэродромного диспетчерского пункта.
Затем, за несколько минут до назначенного времени вылета, экипаж запрашивает у диспетчера руления разрешение на запуск двигателей и приступает к непосредственной подготовке к взлету. Диспетчер руления после запроса экипажа о разрешении занять предварительный старт оценивает обстановку на аэродроме, выдает экипажу условия и маршрут руления до взлетно-посадочной полосы и разрешает экипажу выруливать на предварительный старт. Диспетчер руления передает управление воздушным судном диспетчеру старта, находящемуся на Командно-диспетчерском пункте (КДП), это самое высокое здание на аэродроме по-другому называемое «Вышка». Диспетчер старта, взаимодействующий с диспетчером посадки (они разрешают взлетающим и заходящим на посадку самолетам занимать одну и ту же взлетную полосу) передает экипажу условия для взлета и затем, после доклада экипажа о готовности к взлету, разрешает взлет.

 

⇐ Предыдущая12345678910Следующая ⇒

Поделиться: