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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSESСтр 1 из 18Следующая ⇒
Л.В. Мельникова
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ СФЕРЕ (АНГЛИЙСКИЙ) Учебно-методическое пособие по английскому языку для студентов направления 04.03.01 Химия Очной формы обучения Тюмень Издательство Тюменского государственного университета 2015 УДК: 811.111(075.8) ББК: Ш143.21я73 В М482 Л.В. Мельникова. English for Specific Purposes. Environmental Chemistry Иностранный язык в профессиональной сфере (английский): Учебно-методическое пособие. Тюмень: Издательство Тюменского государственного университета, 2015, 65 с. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов направления 04.03.01 «Химия». Целью пособия является развитие профессионально-ориентированных навыков чтения и перевода специальной литературы, а также коммуникативных навыков и умений, способствующих осуществлению профессиональных задач. Пособие включает 4 раздела, приложения и библиографию. Рекомендовано к изданию кафедрой иностранных языков и межкультурной профессиональной коммуникации естественнонаучных направлений ТюмГУ. Утверждено первым проректором ТюмГУ
© ФГБОУ ВПО Тюменский государственный университет, 2015 © Мельникова Л.В., 2015 CONTENTS ПОЯСНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ЗАПИСКА………………….………………………….…4 SECTION I ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY Unit 1………………………………………………………………...…......5 Unit 2……………………………………………………………….…...…11 Unit 3……………………….……………………………………….…... ..17 SECTION II ECOLOGY OF AIR Unit 1…………………………………………………………………....24 Unit 2……………………………...……………….………………………32 SECTION III WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS Unit 1……………………………………………………………………37 Unit 2……………………………………………………………………43 SECTION IV SOLID WASTES CHEMICAL UTILIZATION Unit 1……………………………………………………………………49 Unit 2……………………………………………………………………55
APPENDIX I HOW TO MAKE A REVIEW OF AN ARTICLE… ...……62 APPENDIX II ‘FOR AND AGAINST’ ESSAY…………………………….63 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...………………………………..………………………….64 Пояснительная записка Учебно-методическое пособие English for Specific Purposes. Environmental Chemistry предназначено для студентов бакалавриата направления 04.03.01 «Химия», для освоения дисциплины «Иностранный язык (английский) в профессиональной сфере» целью которого является приобретение профессионально-ориентированных навыков чтения и перевода специальной литературы, а также коммуникативных навыков и умений, способствующих осуществлению профессиональных задач. Пособие состоит из четырех разделов: «ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY» (Химия окружающей среды), «ECOLOGY OF AIR» (Экология воздуха), «WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS» (Переработка сточных вод и физико-химический анализ), «SOLID WASTES CHEMICAL UTILIZATION» (Химическая переработка твердых отходов); справочных материалов, библиографии. Первая часть является вводной, знакомит с общенаучной и профессиональной лексикой в области экологической химии и включает разнообразные задания, направленные как на интенсивное освоение лексики данного блока, так и на развитие навыков чтения и перевода специальной литературы. Последующие разделы содержательно построены на лексико-грамматическом материале, непосредственно затрагивающем химический аспект в экологии, что немаловажно для последующего осуществления профессиональной иноязычной деятельности. Освоение данного материала также является основой для дальнейшего изучения магистрантами дисциплины «Английский язык профессиональной коммуникации» для направления «Экологическая безопасность и химия нефти». Уроки включают тексты и сопровождающие задания, направленные на расширение запаса активной профессиональной лексики. Коммуникативные задания подобраны с учетом лексико-грамматического материала, моделирующего будущую профессиональную деятельность студентов. Содержание пособия соответствует рекомендациям по подготовке бакалавров по ФГОС ВО и рабочей программе «Иностранный язык (английский) в профессиональной сфере» для студентов направления «Химия». Unit I Reading: Chemistry and Ecology – New World Outlook of the XXI Century Speaking: Analytical and Instrumental Techniques Applied in Ecological Chemistry Vocabulary: Set Expressions U nit II Grammar:the “ -ing”-Forms ECOLOGY IS A PRIORITY Nowadays human progress has reached the stage of invasive exploration of nuclear and solar energy, the World Ocean and outer space. However, it is evident now that often man is adversely affecting the environment and his activity is sometimes fraught with fatal consequences. It is becoming increasingly clear that man cannot and oughtn’t to use his tremendous power so carelessly, infinitely interfere in nature and radically try to change it, without taking into account possible negative effects of his economic activity. The more material wealth people create, the more they realize that they cannot but be concerned about how the biosphere is changing as a result of productive activity. Current ecological research shows that man, overconcerned with technicism can turn oases into deserts, threatening to destroy everything on the Earth, if he continues exerting mostly uncontrolled impact on the biosphere. In the 19th – 20th century material production did not require taking into account the consequences which man’s interference in nature may have in the distant future. How different is the situation today while such a consideration is becoming vitally important. Nevertheless, it is not only possible but necessary to transform the wild natural environment, which often has a disastrous effect on man (earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, floods, drought, magnetic and solar storms, as well as radioactivity, cosmic radiation, etc.) into a safe environment suitable for man and meeting his needs. This means that the ecological problem is not only the problem of environmental pollution and other adverse effects of man’s economic activity, but the problem of turning man’s uncontrolled impact on nature into a purposeful and planned interaction with the latter. Of course, the biosphere as a complex system also possesses enormous possibilities for self-regulation. Despite the fact that certain biological species, i.e., individual elements of the biosphere may become extinct as a result of various impacts thereon, it is still capable on the whole of existing and developing. The impact of industry on the biosphere could be compensated for by the inner resources of homeostatic self-organization. Today, however, it has reached such proportions that the biosphere’s inner resources can no longer compensate for society’s influence on the environment, both on individual species and on the life on Earth without help from the outside. Many ecologists warn that the present situation is fraught with the extinction of animals and plants on a scale much greater than their both natural and man caused extinction for the preceding millions years. If this massive biological depletion of the Earth’s resources goes on uncontrolled for several years the world environment will change irreversibly. All these mean that at present there is pressing necessity to change the character of the interaction between man and nature. 10. Open the brackets choosing the correct grammar form of the verb: 1. Mankind (has reached/reached) the stage of intensive exploration of nuclear energy and for some decades (is working/has been working) to employ widely solar energy. 2. In the 19th century material production (did not require/hasn’t require) so much attention to the ecological consequences of industrial processes. 3. How different is the situation today while such a consideration (is becoming/has become) vitally important. 4. The biosphere (possess/possesses) great possibilities for self-regulation. 5. The impact of industry on the biosphere, however, (reached /has reached) such proportions that its inner resources can hardly (compensate/be compensated) for society’s influence on the environment. 6. If this massive biological depletion of the Earth’s resources goes on uncontrolled for several years the world environment (changes/will change) irreversibly.
U nit III PRESERVING THE ENVIRONMENT 1. Recently more and more attention has been focused on the problem of preserving the environment. Over the past forty years or so the living standards has increased due to technological progress in general but at the same time quality of many people's lives has deteriorated in some respects because of this very technological progress. 2. People everywhere have become aware of noise. The problem of noise pollution has been brought into sharp focus by the discovery that many teenagers have suffered permanent hearing loss following long exposures to amplified rock music, and by public concern about the effects of sonic booms that would be caused by supersonic transports (SST) if they were put into commercial service. Those people living near airports are constantly attacked by the noise of increasingly larger and more powerful jet aircraft and SST taking off and landing. 3. We have ugly buildings which have appeared in towns and cities. Some of these are blocks of flats-high - rise buildings dwelled by hundreds of people. They are being built because of high price city land. Air pollution in such districts as well as the problem of domestic wastes disposal grows in proportion to the population. 4. The automobile is a convenient means of transport, but it has a negative influence on the environment. The motor car has been responsible for many changes in the environment. On the one hand it has brought mobility to millions of people but on the other it has led to the construction of more and more noisy and dangerous roads and has polluted the atmosphere with exhaust fumes. This followed very bad winter in which many people with bronchial complaints became Automobiles | ||||||
| Pros/For | Cons/Against | |||||
| mobility | car accidents, high death-rate | |||||
| independence | service expenses, fuel charges | |||||
| comfort | pollution, noise, danger | |||||
| saving of time | traffic jams |
b) Write a short ‘ For and Against’ Essay concerning some tech achievements (auto transport, SST or high-rise building construction);
c) Discuss all advantages and drawbacks of the use of agrochemicals. Work in pairs.
SECTION II ECOLOGY OF AIR
U nit I
Grammar:Conditionals
Reading: Sources and Composition of Atmospheric Pollutants
POLLUTANTS
Scientists distinguish between natural and artificial sources of atmospheric pollution.
Natural pollution of the atmosphere occurs when volcanoes erupt, rock is weathered, dust storms take place, forests fire and sea salt is washed ashore. The atmosphere always contains aeroplankton (bacteria, including those causing disease), fungi spores, plant pollen, etc.
Artificial pollution of the atmosphere is characteristic mostly of cities and industrial centers. Cities and suburbs contain numerous industrial enterprises, automobiles and heating system which pollute the atmosphere and negatively influence the local climate. It has been established that air pollution in urban areas grows in proportion to the population. Industry pollutes the atmosphere by emissions of harmful gases and industrial dust. Thermal electric plants, metallurgical and chemical plants, oil refineries, cement and other works are sources of air pollution.
For a long time the problem of air pollution in the cities was chiefly related to coal-burning in heating system which emitted smoke, ash and sulphurous gas (SO2). Large amounts of dust were emitted into the atmosphere by thermal electric plants using low-grade coals that yield large quantities of soot and a high percentage of sulphur-containing compounds (approx. 400 tons of sulphurous gas every day).
The chemical composition of emissions into the atmosphere depends on the kind of fuel, of raw materials, technology, etc. For example, blast furnace gas contains poisonous carbon monoxide, while the smoke of aluminium factories pollutes the atmosphere with fluoride compounds. Paper manufacturing enterprises emit soot, sulphurous anhydride, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptan into the air. The production of synthetic fibres (nylon, for example) is accompanied by the emission of toxic carbon disulfide (CS2) and hydrogen sulfide.
Today automobiles are the primary sources of atmospheric pollution. The number of automobiles is rapidly increasing in all industrial countries. There are more than 400 million motor vehicles in the world today. It is estimated that one car burns up the amount of fresh air needed for 100 adults to breathe. At the same time it emits the same amount of fumes into the atmosphere. Besides, urban runoff of pollutants washes off impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots, and rooftops) during rain storms.
It was stated that the automobile exhaust gas is a complex mixture of many components. But their diversity may be broken down into several groups.
The first group includes non-toxic substances: nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen and water vapour. Carbon dioxide (C02) may also be included in this group as it is not a threat to man.
The second group includes carbon monoxide (CO), a very toxic gas introduced in large quantities (up to 12 per cent).
The third group consists of the nitrogen monoxide (NO) and dioxide (NO2), also very toxic.
The fourth, the most numerous group of substances consists of the hydrocarbons, including ethylene, acetylene, methane, propane, toluene and others.
The fifth group is made up of the aldehydes, mostly the very toxic formaldehyde (formalin).
Finally, the sixth group is soot emitted by Diesel engines. It has the capacity to adsorb the carcinogenic substances contained in exhaust fumes.
City air is polluted not only with exhaust fumes but also the products of their oxidization, often much more toxic than the initial substance. One of them is epoxide (ethane oxide), which is deadly poisonous in large concentrations.
8. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What sources of atmospheric pollution do ecologists distinguish?
2. What kind of pollution is typical for urban areas and industrial centers?
3. What does the chemical composition of emissions depend on?
4. What kind of manufacturing enterprises pose the greatest danger to ecological situation?
5. Why are exhausts considered to be a complex mixture?
6. Is soot emitted by diesel engines dangerous for health?
7. Why are the oxidization products of exhausts greatly concerned about by both medical workers and environmental chemists?
9. Generalize each group of the words by one term or notion:
1) bacteria, fungi spores, microbes;
2) formaldehyde, nitrogen monoxide, carbon disulfide;
3) chemical factories, oil refineries, automobiles;
4) exhaust fumes, smoke, harmful gases, industrial dust;
5) methane, propane, toluene.
10. a) Read, understand and title the text.
b) Comment the figures given in the text.
c) Find the phrases explaining the mechanism of “greenhouse effect”.
d) Explain why carbon dioxide is extremely important for life.
Since most of human activities has been closely linked with industries the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the Earth has increased from 290 parts per million to slightly more than 330 parts per million. Perhaps a fourth of the total increase has come within the past decades. By the year 2020, if present trends continue, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could approach twice the current value. Until recently the increase was commonly attributed to the burning of fossil fuels.
“The Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to the Earth”.
Carbon dioxide is only a trace gas in the atmosphere of the Earth as it presents at a concentration of about 0.03 per cent by volume. Nevertheless, it plays possibly a critical role in controlling the climate of the Earth because it absorbs radiant energy at infrared wavelengths. Heat trapped in this way has a large potential for altering the world climate substantially. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.
And quite apart from possible effects on the climate, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere also plays a critical part as the source of carbon that is fixed in green plants by photosynthesis and therefore provides the basis for all plant and animal life.
Thus, mankind therefore faces a historic dilemma. The human activities that are increasing the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere promise to bring a general warming of the climate over the next several decades. Although one can be certain neither of the way and rate the climate will change nor of the precise mechanisms that will be involved, however, the results of a steadily rising amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will almost certainly be destabilizing.
/Earth as an infrared emitter /http://en.wikipedia.org/
U nit II
Unit I
Reading: Water Pollution
Writing: Review
Form the pairs of synonyms:
balance, harmful, plant, disrupt, reserve, drinking, adequate, upset, pollution, contaminant, corresponding, impurity, detrimental, fresh, supply, equilibrium, provision, contamination, stock, enterprise.
4. Match the Russian equivalents in A with the corresponding word-combinations in B:
| A | B |
| 1. долины рек | a. community development |
| 2. возрождение реки | b. city growth |
| 3. развитие общества | c. water supply |
| 4. питьевая вода | d. constant companion |
| 5. рост города | e. river valleys |
| 6. водоснабжение | f. drinking water |
| 7. загрязнённые водные пути | g. polluted waterways |
| 8. постоянный спутник | h. river regeneration |
5. Read the text and give Russian equivalents to the word-combinations italicized.
WATER POLLUTION
Ever since man progressed from hunting to an agricultural society with the corresponding development of stable communities the phenomenon of water pollution has been his constant companion. The better agricultural method improved, the smaller percentage of the population produced all the food needed for population; so the larger communities and diverse secondary industries developed and grew into the present modern society.
Concurrent with this growth, however, there was the increasing percentage of waste materials and the problem of their disposal. While the total volume of waste from community was relatively small, the easiest method of disposal was to “throw it away”, usually into the nearest receptacle. Since man cannot exist without water, community development and city growth was centered in areas where the water supplies were adequate and continuous. Initially this meant development in river valleys, and thus the nearest receptacle for wastes was a river.
The term “pollution’ has been variously defined by many people, but if it may be described here as “the detrimental effects on a localized ecological structure by the addition of the waste products of a society”, then it is apparent that the first noticeable pollution problems should have involved the supply of drinking water.
It is in this particular area that the question of pollution takes on a new meaning. Is a body of water polluted when it is directly affected by man, or should it be classified as polluted when the ecological structure is first upset?
The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing physiochemical and biological equilibria, and there is no doubt that a normally active waterway has a large capacity to assimilate wastes. However, in many areas this capacity is now so being reached or exceeded that many waterways are becoming increasingly contaminated. Before this contamination becomes readily noticeable such equilibria are changed and the ecological structure may be seriously affected.
Some examples of water systems, where the effects of pollution have become or are becoming increasingly apparent are the Caspian and Baltic seas; the Thames, Rhine, and Seine rivers; and the Baikal Lake in Russia. Fortunately, the dynamic hydrosystems have a remarkable capacity for regeneration and with careful planning even the most seriously polluted waterways may be brought back into full use. An example of river regeneration on a large scale is the successful attempt to restore the Thames estuary.
6. Complete the following sentences with the corresponding endings or the ideas of your own:
1. The hydrosphere is a dynamic system characterized by... 2. Concurrent with the growth of urban population there was the increasing percentage of... . 3. Since man cannot exist without water... . 4. The nearest receptacle for wastes was … . 5. A normally active waterway has… 6. The dynamic hydrosystems like rivers have a remarkable capacity for... . 7. Ecological changes become readily noticeable when ….
WATER RESOURCES
The water is the _1_ important element in physical and chemical processes on the surface of the earth. Unlike mineral deposits, water resources are _2_ in the course of exploitation itself. This is due to its constant _3_ in the ocean-atmosphere-earth-ocean system. No matter how much water is _4_ in daily industrial life, its amount does not _5_. However, this view has _6_ changed in the past 30 or 40 years as water became a factor which dictates _7_ for economic development. In the economy water is a raw material like any other.
Water resources are distributed very _8_ on the continents. Shortage of water in different areas of the world is due not only to uneven _9_ of water resources but also to its more _10_ use. The scope of water resource exploitation is growing rapidly _11_ population growth, fast development of industry and expansion of irrigated land area.
| 1 | A) more | B) most | C) very |
| 2 | A) required | B) reused | C) renewed |
| 3 | A) circulation | B) redistribution | C) accumulation |
| 4 | A) consumed | B) concluded | C) conducted |
| 5 | A) increase | B) worsen | C) decrease |
| 6 | A) particularly | B) substantially | C) extremely |
| 7 | A) prospects | B) situations | C) problems |
| 8 | A) inversely | B) even | C) unevenly |
| 9 | A) consumption | B) redistributing | C) distribution |
| 10 | A) varied | B) various | C) different |
| 11 | A) due to | B) in spite of | C) as well as |
8. Give Russian equivalents to the following word-combinations:
| 2. underground river geothermal water fresh ground | 3. large useable reserves renewable extensive exhaustless |
| 1. different hunting populated area total irrigated land conservation | 4. recourses use water consumption shortage supply redistribution |
PROTECTION OF WATER
Academician Karpinsky called water the most precious natural resource. In the economy water is a raw material like any other. Unlike mineral deposits, water resources are renewed in the course of exploitation itself due to its constant circulation in the ocean-atmosphere-earth-ocean system. With time and under certain conditions water regains its properties and its fitness for drinking. This is probably the reason why water resources for a long time appeared to be unlimited. However, this view has substantially changed in the past 30 or 40 years as water became a factor which dictates prospects for economic development.
Scarcely any type of product is manufactured without water taking part in the process in one form or another. It should be added that scope of water resource exploitation is growing rapidly due to population growth, fast development of industry and expansion of irrigated land area.
It is obvious that the exploitation of water resources is extremely varied at the present time. An enormous amount of water is mainly consumed by industries. To manufacture one ton of paper 100 m3 of water is required, one ton of synthetic fibres - from 2,500 to 5,000 m3 of water. The obtaining of a ton of woolen fabric requires the use of 200 cubic meters of clean fresh water, that of a ton of capron - 5,600 cubic meters.
It has been estimated that industry consumes about 85 per cent of the water in cities. This leaves about 15 per cent for the daily needs of the people.
A sharp increase in water consumption on the planet may lead to a water shortage in the nearest future. In view of this, measures are being worked out to increase water resources and exploit them more rationally.
There are two ways to redistribute river water by means of reservoirs and through canals. Canals are important not only for redistributing water but also as transport routes.
Last century cascades of hydroelectric power plants were built with the reservoirs, the largest ones being on the Volga, Kama, Angara, and Yenisey rivers.
Reservoirs are an example of how man intervenes to a considerable extent in natural processes over large areas. Reservoirs help to solve energy problems, irrigate agricultural land, supply large enterprises, cities and other populated areas with water and also help forward the water transportation development. They form the basis both for fisheries and recreation and tourist zones. Nevertheless, there is a great disadvantage of man-made seas as they completely destroy the original environment over there.
Supplies of underground waters are considerable and therefore, their rational use helps to compensate for moisture shortages. Geothermal (hot) waters are a kind of underground water sources. Water being obtained from the earth’s interior by deep drilling. These hot waters are used to generate electricity (geothermal electric plants), heat homes, aid livestock breeding farms and also in hot- houses. Recently, geothermal waters have been used for breeding fish in ponds in Siberia.
Unit II
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Part I
To meet current and proposed water pollution standards it is often necessary to use newer treatment operations and to improve the efficiency of conventional processes. The treatment of water and wastewater requires a variety of techniques and processes involving unit operations, transfer processes, thermodynamics and reaction kinetics.
The major industrial users of water are the primary manufactures of metals, chemicals, paper, petroleum, and food products. The pollutant levels in wastewater are often characterized by solid content and by biochemical oxygen demand, which is a measure of the dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in biological oxidation of organic matter. The total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of aqueous industrial wastes is three times as higher as the total BOD of wastes entering municipal waste water treatment plants. Over 90% of the industrial BOD is generated by the chemical, paper, food, and petroleum industries.
The primary metals industries together with these four industries contribute 90% of the solids entering industrial wastewater. The total solids entering sewage treatment plants from domestic wastes are less than one-half of the total solids in industrial wastes. It is apparent that heavier industrial use of the available water must be accompanied by greater treatment to ensure that the levels of toxic chemicals do not increase and become harmful.
Since our standard of living advances, our demand for water accelerates, we have to meet the needs of an increasing world population by irrigating more of the unproductive areas and fulfilling the demands for an even greater industrial output. These needs require close stewardship of our water resources carried out by chemists to preserve water quality through waste treatment and to ensure adequate quantities through recycle.
The characteristics of wastewater are broadly classified into physical chemical and biological according to the type of measurement test that has to be performed. The analyses range from the very specific quantitative tests usually applied for chemicals to the broad group tests applied for biological classes.
The most important physical characteristic of waste-water is its solids content as it affects the esthetics, clarity and color of the water.
The chemical impurities of wastewater can adversely affect the environment in many different ways. Although the nitrogen, phosphorous and dissolved solids can be removed by the addition of chemicals and by certain tertiary methods, they are not easily removed in a conventional plant. Soluble organics can deplete oxygen levels in streams, and give taste and odor to water supplies. Toxic materials can affect food chains as well as public health. Nutrients, leaching from agricultural land into water courses that can lead to algae blooms and eutrophication of water bodies. Although some chemical tests are specific, many determine broad classifications due to the variety of compounds found in wastewater. If water reuse is to be widely practiced, these materials will have to be removed.
Biological tests on water and wastewater determine whether pathogenic organisms are present by testing for certain indicator organisms. Biological information is needed to measure water quality for such uses as drinking and swimming, and to assess the degree of treatment of the wastewater before its discharge to the environment.
Many operations are used to purify water before discharge to the environment.
The main objectives of conventional wastewater treatment processes are reduction of biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids and pathogenic organisms. In addition, it may be necessary to remove nutrients, toxic components, nonbiodegradable compounds, and dissolved solids. Since most contaminants are present in low concentrations, the treatment processes must be able to function effectively with dilute streams.
1. What is necessary to do in order to meet modern water pollution standards?
2. What does the current treatment of water and wastewater require?
3. What are the major industrial users of this century?
4. What is BOD?
5. Where is wastewater treated? Do such plants treat all the industrial wastewater?
6. Why do the modern water consumption standards require close stewardship of chemists?
7. What are the possible ways to preserve water quality?
8. What are the most important characteristics of wastewater?
9. How do chemical impurities influence water quality?
7. Translate these terms used in the text WASTEWATER TREATMENT (Part II). Consult a dictionary if necessary.
Removal, settling, clarifier, thickener, tank, pretreatment, raw wastewater sludge, clarification, thickening, flocculate, coagulate, softening, stabilization, conditioning, dewatering.
8. Match the phrases in A with the corresponding word-combinations in B:
| A | B |
| 1. limited pretreatment | a. важное обстоятельство |
| 2. mass transfer | b. реактор для обработки отстоя |
| 3. important consideration | c. массопередача |
| 4. sludge reactor | d. отстойники |
| 5. settling tanks | e. ограниченная предварительная обработка |
9. Read the text and arrange the items of the plan according to the information given in the second part.
1. The biological waste treatment.
2. Mass transfer in wastewater treatment systems.
3. The characteristics of industrial wastes.
4. Treatment processes for sludge.
5. Sedimentation process in the wastewater treatment plant.
6. Removal of solids.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Part II
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
a) Since industrial wastes have a broader range of characteristics than domestic wastes they are treated by a wider variety of processing schemes. Industrial wastes are more likely to contain toxic and nonbiodegradable components that require physicochemical treatment instead of biological one. In some cases industrial wastes are discharged to a municipal plant directly or after limited pretreatment. In other cases they are treated in a separate plant designed for the specific wastes.
b) Mass transfer is an important consideration in many wastewater treatment systems. In order to carry out chemical or biological reactions, it is necessary to transfer substances into or out of the wastewater, as well as to move them adequately within the water to control concentration differences. The material transferred can be as diverse as gases, liquids, ions, charged colloids, or suspended solids. However the rate at which these substances are transferred is the primary concern of the field of mass transfer.
c) Sedimentation is the removal of solid particles from suspension by gravitational settling. Sedimentation basins are often referred to as either clarifiers or thickeners. The terms clarifier and thickener are often used interchangeably in describing tanks for effluent streams from activated sludge reactors. Since both clarification and thickening occur in any sedimentation basin, both functions should be considered in the design.
d) In water treatment plants, sedimentation is used to remove readily settleable particles, flocculated or coagulated impurities, and precipitated impurities from softening operations. In wastewater treatment plants, sedimentation is applied to a variety of organic and inorganic solids from raw or treated wastes. Primary settling tanks are used to remove solids, from the waste stream entering the plant. Secondary settling tanks handle the solids in the effluent from a biological reactor.
e) The purpose of biological waste treatment is to convert complex molecules into simple products and biomass by using a mixture of microorganisms. Since successful waste treatment depends upon suitable biological activity, it is necessary to operate the system to encourage microbial growth.
f) Since direct land or water disposal of raw wastewater sludges is rarely feasible or acceptable, sludge treatment is usually necessary to reduce its volume and to make it less offensive. Selection of treatment processes for sludge depends upon the nature of the sludge, environmental factors, and ultimate disposal options. The various alternatives examined to select the major processes are concentration, stabilization, conditioning, and dewatering.
10. a) Get ready to discuss in small groups the following things:
Living standards and water quality;
Analytical techniques for the water quality tests;
Running water, its physico-chemical characteristics;
Local water bodies: analyses and monitoring.
b) Search the necessary information. Refer to the certain data, authors, scientific sources, using the phrases for both direct and indirect citation.
Model: As it is mentioned in the article “………” ,
The author tells about…
He says that…
Our analysts consider that “…….”
The latest data concerning……. illustrate…..
So, here we can read the following: “……”.
Unit I
Grammar Conversion N→ V / V→N
Read and translate these pairs of words. Mind the stress Look through the sentences below and define the part of speech of the words in bold. Read these sentences aloud and translate them into Russian.
| ´upset n – to up´set v | ´processes n – pro´cesses v |
| ´extract n - to ex´tract v | ´product n – to pro´duce v |
| ´content n – to con´tent v | ´control n – to con´trol v |
1. Magnetic separators extract ferrous metals from garbage but until recently they were extracted only in the metallurgical plants. Nowadays yeast extract is typically added into almost all the variety of bread. Fluid extract should be kept in a vessel with ground stopper.
2. Engineers designed many industrial processes which make it possible to reconvert mountains of garbage into useful substances. Modern automatic plants process solid domestic wastes without the water consumption. The process of decomposition is going on for some days.
3. The processing of garbage is controlled automatically in almost all the stages of waste treatment. These sensitive device allows to control unsufficient atmospheric pressure waive. Aerochemical pest control can be performed in the vast agricultural regions.
4. A number of valuable products such as fuel gas, bituminous resins are obtained in the course of the garbage processing. Graphite substitute produced by pyrolysis is of great benefit to metallurgy. Such plants produce compost as a final product of organic matter decomposition.
5. Organic contents go through biothermal treatment. This process isn’t contented by biothermal treatment only, but mechanical extracting and further removing of fragments. Physical content of a test-sample is determined by gravimetric method.
6. This can seriously upset the ecological balance in a local area. Ecological balance upset is fraught with unexpected developments.
Part I
PROBLEMS
Almost everything that is produced for human needs with time becomes garbage. All sorts of methods have been tried to get rid of refuse. It has been buried, removed as far as possible from population centers. Nevertheless, even in antiquity Rome lost the “battle”: garbage filled its famous Forum.
In our time the problem of domestic waste disposal has acquired a global nature. Cities with populations of several million form “Everests” of garbage. Every urbanite throws away nearly a tonne of unwanted things annually. They wind up in the city garbage dumps which take up hundreds of hectares of land, putting it out of useful circulation. Moreover, all such dumps are unsanitary. The mountains of garbage attract incalculable hordes of rodents and birds, which spread decomposition products and infectious diseases. Rain water becomes saturated with noxious substances which subsequently penetrate into underground waters and poison them. Even grass does not grow on the sites of former dumps, moreover the construction works and the laying of supply lines in these areas is to be banned for 50 to 100 years.
Many useful elements including those of organic origin are irretrievably lost in garbage dumps. While taking them in enormous quantities from nature man gives nothing back to it. On the contrary, he keeps on taking in order to turn new consumer goods. Eventually, this can seriously upset the ecological balance.
The most effective method of waste disposal is to utilize it, in other words to process it industrially.
great amount of, get into, full of injurious impurities, tip, disrupt, in a large scale, in ancient times, citizen, approximately, every year, occupy, global character.
PART II
SOLUTIONS: HOW IS THIS DONE?
Experts have developed many productive processes which make it possible to reconvert mountains of garbage into substances that are of crucial importance to industry and agriculture. Among such enterprises is the St. Petersburg automatic plant which processes solid domestic wastes. It alone “gobbles up” 35 - 40 per cent of the city’s tips - 900000 cubic meters.
The garbage is first fed to belt conveyers, where magnetic separators extract ferrous metals from it, which are subsequently pressed into compact briquettes and shipped to metallurgical plants for resmelting. Domestic wastes in particular tin cans (and other discarded objects as well) also contain valuable materials like copper, zinc and brass. Until recently they were extracted in the metallurgical plants which receive the briquettes, but now this is being done in the automatic plant itself in special newly built departments.
Refuse relieved of metal then goes into biothermal drums — enormous cylinders up to 60 meters long and four meters in diameter. They slowly rotate, mixing the waste. The air which is fed into the drums provokes an intensive aerobic process. Under the action of microorganisms all the garbage’s organic components decompose. The temperature of that is no longer waste, but is known as the compost mass, rises up to 60-70° C. As a result, the disease-producing microbes die and the substance in the drums becomes harmless.
In 48 hours the compost mass ripens. Nevertheless, it still contains a wide variety of particles and fragments which biothermal treatment leaves unchanged. In order to dispose them the mass is sifted through giant sieves where the material processed in the biothermal drums is separated into compost and ballast. Now the main thing is to get rid of glass fragments – the enemy number one of compost. Obviously, fertilizer containing glass fragments cannot be introduced into soil. However, if they are reduced to the size of grains of sand and rolled smooth, they can no longer harm the roots of future plants.
That is why, all the material sifted through the giant sieves goes into a vertical shaft in which it gets into an upward air current. The light particles mostly organic ones are carried off. The glass and ceramics fragments which are left go to the grinding zone.
The ballast like rubber, plastics and wood fragments (this type of refuse accounts for almost a quarter of all domestic waste) had to be taken back to the garbage dumps. But nowadays even this ballast is processed by pyrolysis - the thermal disintegration of complex substances into simpler ones. As a result valuable products are obtained, such as fuel gas, bituminous resins and solid carbonaceous compounds, which in our day become widely used as graphite substitute in metallurgy.
The plant’s final and main product is compost. It looks like ordinary soil. In fact, it is a biologically, active substance which can be used far more effectively than an ordinary fertilizer. Due to a high temperature it is possible to employ it as a biological fuel to heat the soil in hot-houses. The compost’s biological energy is sufficient to grow two crops. After that it can be transferred to open ground as an ordinary fertilizer.
Such plants could improve ecological situation around cities by recycling of everything contained in city dumps to restore valuable materials to the national economy. Moreover, they neither pollute the environment in any way nor even consume water for their technological requirements.
8. Match the processes in A with the corresponding devices/units in B:
| A | B |
| 1 reducing of glass and ceramic fragments | a. giant sieves |
| 2. separating into compost and ballast | b. thermal furnace |
| 3. extracting of ferrous metals | c. grinding zone |
| 4 .aerobic treatment of organics | d. vertical shaft with an upward air current |
| 5. pyrolysis of ballast | e. slowly rotating biothermal drums |
| 6. separating of glass and ceramic fragments | f. magnetic separators |
Speak of non-waste technologies, national and economic benefits of the solid domestic wastes utilization. Discuss with your partners modern approaches and trends in collection of domestic solid wastes, interesting ways to reuse things and materials i n the household use .
Unit II
ERA OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Part I
ERA OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Part II
Main Body
N.B.: You can pass fluently throughout your review with the help of these phrases:
1) Sequence:
to start / begin with /at first / first(ly) / first of all / /initially / above all;
then / afterwards / next / further on / second(ly) / third(ly);
2) Addition:
in addition to/ additionally / besides / also / afterwards / moreover / furthermore / as well / as well as / what is more / not only … but also
3) Going into Details / Detalization:
in particular / particularly / namely / that is / especially / in other words /
for example / for instance / such as / like /
Appendix II ‘For and Against’ Essay
A Pros-and-Cons list can help you make more balanced judgment by weighing all the positives and negatives. Develop a list of positives and negatives.
| Pros | Cons |
| 1. | 1. |
| 2. | 2. |
The common-accepted structure includes:
● Introduction
● Advantages/Benefits/Conveniences of the phenomenon (method/material) concerned
● Disadvantages/Downside/Shortcoming/Drawback of the phenomenon (method/material) concerned
● Comparison or Evaluation (although sometimes this is omitted)
● Conclusion
| Introduction | It was reported that ... However, this new modification turned out to have some by-effects alongside with indisputable benefits. | |
| Body paragraph Pros | The first and the most important advantage is that… On the plus side … Another convenience we’d like to mention about is …. It also offers the advantage in… | On the one hand….., but on the other….
For one thing…., for another one…..
Though the latest modification ranks in priority to the previous one, it still has some weak points. |
| Body paragraph Cons | But there is also a shortcoming/drawback of using it in…. On the other hand… Another weakness of the method proposed is… | |
| Evaluation | Having analyzed all the points of view… | |
| Conclusion | Having taken both advantages and disadvantages into account, we can conclude that… Finally, despite of this drawback we can’t but appreciate…. It’s obvious that the ecological risks outweigh technological improvements. | |
Список рекомендуемой литературы
1. Фомина, Е. В.. English for Ecology: учеб. пособие/ Е. В. Фомина, И. Д. Латфуллина. - Тюмень: Изд-во ТюмГУ, 2007. - 183 с.
2. Callaghan, P.W. Integrated environmental management handbook/ P.W. Callaghan. - Chichester: John Wiley & sons, 1996. - 368 с.
3. Stenholm, A. Total Nitrogen in Wastewater Analysis: Comparison of Devarda's Alloy Method and High Temperature Oxidation Followed by Chemiluminescence Delection / A. Stenholm, S. Holmstrom, A. Ragnarsson. - (Оригинальные статьи) // Журнал аналитической химии. - 2009. - Т. 64, № 10.
4. Environmental Law and Ecological Responsibility. - New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994. - 411p.
5. The Concise Lexicon of Environmental Terms. - New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995. - 256 с. - (Environmental law series).
6. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: in 32 Volumes/ Norton P.D., Esposito J.J. - 15-th edition. - Chicago; London; Madrid; Paris; Rome; Tokyo V. 14: Arctic-Biosphere. - 1994. - 1217 с.
7. Undeground Storages for Radioactive Wastes / A. Annenkov [et al.] //Science in Russia. - 2008. - № 5. - С. 14-20.
8. Impact of Coal Mining on Environment / S. Goswami // European Researcher. – 2015. – 3(92). – C. 185-196 - http://elibrary.ru/contents
9. Risk of Mouth Ecosystems Pollution of the Major Rivers of Russia / A.M. Nickanorov, O.S. Reshetnyak // European Researcher. – 2014. – 5-1(74). – C. 918-924. - http://elibrary.ru/contents
ENVIRONMENTALCHEMISTRY
Л.В. Мельникова
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
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