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Архитектура Аудит Военная наука Иностранные языки Медицина Металлургия Метрология Образование Политология Производство Психология Стандартизация Технологии |
Многозначное слово « that » ⇐ ПредыдущаяСтр 9 из 9
1. Указательное местоимение «тот», «та», «то». This file. That file. (this – these, that – those). 2. Союзное слово «который, которая, которое, которые». Do you know the girl that is standing by the window? 3. Союз в дополнительном придаточном предложении, в придаточном подлежащем, сказуемом. Do you know that this girl is the best student in our group? That she is the best student is known. The fact is that she is the best student. 4. Слово-заменитель. The structure of the atom is like that of the solar system. 5. Часть усилительного оборота. It is... that. It is the transistor that made a real revolution in electronics.
Exercise 15. Переведите, учитывая многозначность слова «that». 1. This is a new equipment and that is an old one. 2. An equation that states a rule in a brief form is called a formula. 3. It is in Obninsk that the world’s first nuclear power plant was put into operation in 1954. 4. That it is possible to convert heat to energy and energy back to heat can be demonstrated in a numerous ways. 5. D.I. Mendeleyev was sure that the missing elements would be found. 6. The main difficulty is that the experiments have not given the results desired yet. 7. The power of the nuclear power plant is much greater than that of the hydro-electric plant.
Многозначное слово « one » 1. Числительное «один», «одна», «одно». 2. Неопределенно-личное подлежащее («вы», «мы»). 3. Слово-заменитель.
Exercise 16. Переведите, учитывая многозначность слова « One» 1. This solid is denser than that one. 2. The right hand is usually stronger than the left one. 3. The idea of automation is one of the most important ideas of modern industry. 4. Due to radioactive elements one can measure the thickness of various materials. 5. One should always inspect the machine-tool before he turns it on. 6. One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man. 7. The old project is much worse than the new one. 8. One cannot read such technical papers without a dictionary.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2 V. A
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ELECTRONICS Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies. The nonlinear behavior of active components and their ability to control electron flows make it possible to amplify weak signals. That is why electronics is widely used in information processing, telecommunications and signal processing. The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information technologies such as circuit boards, electronics packaging technology and other varied forms of communication infrastructure complete circuit functionality and transform the mixed components into regular working systems. Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices are widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people to discover new phenomena of nature. Automation of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics. The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20th century was the starting point of the rapid development of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for specialized functions made possible the progress in radio communication technology before the World War II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war. The transistor invented by American scientists W.Shockly, J.Bardeen and W.Brattain in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reliability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for high-speed computers or for microwave communication systems. The progress in semiconductor technology led to the development of the integrated circuits (IC), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science –integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling discrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. ICs greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered manufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.
Задание 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим интернациональным словам: electronics; electrons; physics; information; microelectronics; industrial design; to calculate trajectories; phenomena of nature; automation of production processes; organisms; vacuum tubes; specialized functions; progress in radio communication technology; transistor; electrode; components; to realize; communication system; technology; discrete component; chip.
Задание 2. Соотнесите английские и русские эквиваленты:
Задание 3. Переведите следующие «цепочки существительных»: Power consumption; power consumption change; signals manipulation; transistor invention; circuit functions; communication systems; data processing system; integrated circuits development; science field; process control; automation process; information processing, signal processing.
Задание 4. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова: due to, shortly after, completely, the same, at a rate of, fast enough, far below, instead of, together with, one at a time, all at a time, at the same time.
Задание 5. Образуйте и переведите на русский язык глаголы, от следующих существительных: design, generation, transmission, reception, storage, invention, development, manipulation
Задание 6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя информацию текста: 1. What is electronics? 2. Can you imagine modern life without electronics? 3. Where are electronic devices used? 4. What was the beginning of electronics development? 5. What made the progress in radio communication technology possible? 6. What is a transistor? 7. When was the transistor invented? 8. What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor? 9. When were integrated circuits discovered? 10. What advantages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?
Задание 7. Переведите письменно 2, 3 и 5 абзацы текста.
Задание 8. Переведите предложения на русский язык и определите видо-временную форму глагола и его залог. 1. A personal computer is based on a microprocessor. 2. Several important additional parts of a computer are called peripheral hardware. 3. The efforts are being made to get more and more circuit functions on a slice of silicon. 4. The first personal computer was put into operation in 1975. 5. The country has been provided with specialists capable of working with the technology of the future. 6. The ability to work with a computer is considered as a necessary basic skill required in many occupations. 7. A semiconductor company was faced with a choice between many available technologies. 8. Many other parameters will be taken into account for a given generation of computers. 9. By 1970 the performance capabilities of the devices had been increased. 10. The language of this kind of instructions has been formulated at a high level of abstraction. 11. The operating system is not designed for a single purpose. 12. Various kinds of composite ceramics have been developed by engineers recently. 13. The materials with different properties were produced during the last twenty years. 14. His project was much spoken about.
Задание 9. Переделайте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный залог. 1. New robots carry out many functions. 2. Scientists and engineers are constantly using computers for research in different fields of science and industry. 3. They have designed a large variety of tubes for specialized functions. 4. American scientists invented transistors in 1948. 5. Electron flows amplify weak signals. 6. Digital information technologies transform the mixed components into regular working systems. 7. Most electronic devices use semiconductor components. 8. The design and construction of electronic circuits solve many practical problems. 9. John Kilby discovered integrated circuits in 1958. 10. ICs (integrated circuits) have significantly reduced the size of devices. Задание 10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен. 1. It was reported that the invention of vacuum tubes had greatly improved the computer performance. 2. American scientists believed that a small piece of semiconductor with three electrodes would have great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. 3. We learned that the progress in semiconductor technology had led to the development of the integrated circuits. 4. Everyone knew that the electronic devices were acting as switches. 5. Nobody could imagine that electronics would be of great importance in the progress of radio communication technology. 6. We found out from the lecture that electricity was still considered the main source for new technological development. 7. They learned that the creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. 8. Finally he understood that early transistors had been able to respond at a rate of a few million times a second. 9. We knew different transistors were used in television systems. 10. It was known that with the invention of the transistors all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies.
Задание 11. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. 1. Several special sensing elements had to be developed for use in this reactor. 2. It is not clear what is to be understood here by “position” and “space”. 3. When a liquid is not far from its freezing point, its structure cannot be very different from that of a solid. 4. It must be noted that the characteristics of steel can be changed in various ways. 5. One ought to know that it was in the Soviet Union that the first nuclear power plant went into operation in 1954. 6. When an installation is to be constructed the most suitable materials are to be found. 7. Absolute accuracy cannot be obtained with this kind of instrument; you should take the mean value of several observations. 8. When metals (in the molten condition) are allowed to cool they solidify in crystalline form. 9. Short waves are able to travel round the Earth and reach distant points, if they travel out into space. 10. The engineers had to solve a number of different tasks.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 2 V. B
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MICROELECTRONICS The remarkable success of information and telecommunication technology within the last few decades has been facilitated by the phenomenal growth of the microelectronics technology. While nanotechnology has future prospects, microelectronics has already transformed global competition and commerce. It offers strategic advantages to firms, institutions and nations through its capacity to develop products and services cheaply and efficiently. It is the engine that drives present global commerce and industry. The world has experienced many new dimensions in knowledge acquisition, criterion, dissemination and usage courtesy of this technology. The advancement of Internet and digital photography could all be linked to better performance from microchips. When microelectronics technology advances, a dawn emerges in global economy in speed, efficiency and capacity. Microelectronics is considered to be a very revolutionary technology for the dynamics of the global economy. Because Internet, medicine, entertainment and many other industries cannot substantially advance without this technology, it has a vantage position in engineering education in many developed nations. Microelectronics is a group of technologies that integrate multiple devices into a small physical area. The dimension is about 1000 larger than nanotechnology dimension; micrometer vs1 nanometer. Usually, these devices are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium using lithography, a process that involves the transfer of design patterns onto a silicon wafer. There are accompanying processes which include etching, oxidation, diffusion, etc. Several components are available in microelectronic scale such as transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, insulators and conductors. The microelectronics can be divided to its subfields which in turn are connected to other micro related fields. These subfields are micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and single electron devices. Integrated circuits or microchips are typical microelectronic devices, which can be found in computers, mobile phones, medical devices, toys and automobiles. There is a high level of convergence between nanotechnology and microelectronics. The major difference lies in the size of the materials; nonetheless, the techniques are very different. Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor is the most common transistor used in the industry owing to its ease of integration and low static power dissipation. Bipolar junction transistor is another popular version. With the sizes of CMOS transistor in the nanometer range, the behaviors of the transistors are radically affected by parasitic noise and power dissipation. These problems pose potential challenges to the continuous progress of CMOS technology and microelectronics industry in general. The survivability of Moore’s Law (after Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel Corp) which states that the numbers of transistors in a semiconductor die double every 18 to 24 months, is presently challenged if engineers cannot downscale the transistor size any further efficiently. This scaling has been the driver that has enabled microelectronics products to improve in speed, capacity and cost-efficiency. Many efforts have been geared to overcome the problems faced in the industry as transistors scale into the deep nanometer. They include improving the structure of the metals and polysilicon materials used in making the devices, more enhanced doping profile, new materials to keep the industry alive and well into the future.
1vs. versus лат. против
Задание 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты для следующих интернациональных слов: Telecommunication, technology, nanotechnology, prospect, transform, strategic, service, global, commerce, criterion, microchip, revolutionary, dynamics, engineering, physical, nanometer, semiconductor, transistor, capacitor, inductor, resistor, diode, insulator, conductor, optoelectronics, nanoelectronics, integration, polysilicon
Задание 2. Определите по суффиксу, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова: success, cheaply, information, phenomenal, future, digital, industry, advancement, economy, education, engineering, available, micrometer, microelectronic, microelectronics, conductor, efficiently, capacity.
Задание 3. Переведите цепочки следующих существительных: telecommunication technology, microelectronics technology, knowledge acquisition, usage courtesy, engineering education, nanotechnology dimension, silicon wafer, electronic devices, power dissipation, junction transistor, microelectronics industry, microelectronics products, polysilicon materials, doping profile Задание 4. Укажите недостающие степени сравнения следующих прилагательных и наречий: few, remarkable, high, deep, global, lowest, many, small, well, radically, better
Задание 5. Переведите следующие слова и сочетания: within the last few decades, future prospects, while, such as, a high level of, nonetheless, major difference, the numbers of, many efforts, global commerce and industry
Задание 6. Запишите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные, и переведите их: information, experience, acquisition, dissemination, usage, advancement, performance, convergence, dissipation, dimensions, oxidation, diffusion
Задание 7. Укажите прилагательные, от которых образованы следующие существительные: success, technology, revolution, dimension, industry, computer, scale, enhancement, continuity
Задание 8. Соотнесите английские и русские эквиваленты.
Задание 9. Письменно переведите 1, 3, 4, абзацы текста.
Задание 10. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы к тексту: 1. What has been facilitated by the phenomenal growth of the microelectronics technology? 2. What does it offer to firms, institutions and nations? 3. The advancement of what could be linked to better performance from microchips? 4. What is microelectronics? 5. What components are available in microelectronic scale? 6. How can microelectronics be divided? 7. What are integrated circuits or microchips? 8. What is the most common transistor? 9. What are the behaviors of transistors affected by? 10. Where does the major difference lie in?
Задание 1 1. Переведите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. 1. One must know that this material possesses necessary mechanical and physical properties. 2. Experiments for safety systems are to be carried out in many countries. 3. It should be possible to apply redundancy on the components of logic-element level. 4. The analysis of logic circuits can be made for switching elements like relays and for larger units. 5. The electronic circuit is able to produce a repetitive oscillating signal. 6. The circuit should produce oscillating current of constant frequency. 7. The method used for determining neutron flux disturbances can provide a reasonable local indication. 8. No information can be obtained using this method. 9. The definitions of the most important parameters are to be accepted internationally. 10. The control system can provide the required power level from above or below. 11. A logic network with relays can be made more reliable by applying redundancy to the single contacts. 12. It is not allowed to apply redundancy to the individual logic elements in the same was as to the relay contacts.
Задание 1 2. Переведите на русский язык, учитывая видо-временную форму сказуемого и его залог. 1. The microelectronics can be divided to its subfields which in turn are connected to other micro related fields. 2. The success of information and telecommunication technology has been facilitated by the growth of the microelectronics technology. 3. Usually, these devices are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium. 4. The behaviors of the transistors are radically affected by parasitic noise and power dissipation. 5. There are other things which are not influenced in a similar way by the temperature. 6. We are, in the modern world, completely surrounded by science and by technological achievements which science makes possible. 13. We consider first simplified picture in which the hydrogen atom is acted upon by a uniform static electric field. 14. The work was summarized and additional data presented, together with a description of the apparatus and the results were obtained when the chamber was filled with helium. 15. The mass of the electron is greatly exceeded by that of an atom. 16. Only a few of the transistors are followed by internal conversion. 17. The propagation of these waves is not affected by the details of the atomic arrangement. 18. In order to avoid this complexity the transistor is constructed according to a different plan, in which the current flow is lateral rather than vertical. 19. Microprocessors are being widely used nowadays. 20. The techniques applied in making gates for digital logic have also been applied to the development of other kinds of microelectronic devices. 21. Several kinds of microelectronic transistors have been developed, and for each of them families of associated circuit elements and circuit patterns have evolved.
Задание 13. Переведите, учитывая правило согласования времён. 1. Scientists wanted to know if those substances also gave rise to X-rays. 2. At first they did not know whether their experiments would be successful. 3. The question was whether a machine could think. 4. The safety engineers knew that the diode passed current only in one direction. 5. It was reported that the foundations of quantum electronics had been developed by Russian physicists- academicians N. Basov and A. Prokhorov. 6. It was recognized that the progress of electronics, especially of microelectronics, and the growing application of quantum generators had made it possible to make industrial processes fully automatic. 7. The engineers knew that an amplifier design of that type would provide excellent gain and improve other performance characteristics. 8. It was admitted that the advent of microelectronic circuits had not, for the most part, changed the nature of the basic functional units: transistors, resistors, capacitors. 9. The experiments showed that the reduction in power consumption made it possible to pack circuits very densely without creating problems arising from the necessity to dissipate heat. 10. The fact was that in many computers a number of processors were connected together to form a distributed-processing network.
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
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