Text 2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

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In November 1944 a Convention on International Civil Aviation was signed by 52 States which set up the permanent International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as a means to secure international co-operation at highest possible degree of uniformity in regulations and standards, procedures and organization regarding civil aviation matters.

There are two major activities of ICAO:

a. those which cover generally applicable rules and regulations concerning training and licensing of aeronautical personnel both in the air and on the ground, communication systems and procedures, rules for the air and air traffic control systems and practices, airworthiness requirements for aircraft engaged in international air navigation as well as their registration and identification, aeronautical meteorology and maps and charts.

b. those concerning the practical application of air navigation services and facilities by States and their coordinated implementation in specific areas.

To meet the latter objective it was agreed to sub-divide the surface of the earth into a number of "regions" within which distinct and specific air navigation problems of a similar nature existed. A typical example of this process is illustrated by a comparison of the so-called "North Atlantic Region (NAT)", where the primary problems concern long-range overseas navigation, with the "European-Mediterranean region (EUR)" where the co-ordination of trans-European operations with domestic and short-range international traffic constitutes the major problem. As a consequence of the above ICAO adopted the concept of Regions and Regional Offices on the understanding that any regional activities could vary from Region to Region taking into account the general economic, technical or social environment of the Region concerned.

Exercise 10. Answer the questions on text 2.

1. When was ICAO set up? 2. What is the aim of ICAO ? 3. What major activities does ICAO cover? 4. Why was the surface of the earth sub-divided? 5. What do regions share? 6. Why do activities of ICAO vary from Region to Region?

Exercise 11 . Make sure you can translate.

Permanent organization, to secure cooperation and uniformity, means, applicable rules, implementation, to meet the latter objective, primary problems, long-range overseas navigation, to adopt the concept.

Exercise 12. Mind the pronunciation.

Licensing, aeronautical personnel, procedures, airworthiness requirements, registration, identification, consequence, navigation, air traffic control, meteorology, surface.

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences with the correct word (consequence, navigation, air traffic control, meteorology, surface).

1. The scientific study of weather conditions is … . 2. The process or job of giving instruction to pilots by radio is … . 3. The science or job of planning which way you need to go when traveling from one place to another … . 4. Something that happens as a result of a particular action or set of condition is … . 5. The top layer of an area of water or land is … .

Exercise 14. Insert prepositions: in, by, against, on, of, at, on to, of.

The Chicago Convention … International Civil Aviation has been amended … 18 Annexes which contain the regulatory information … specific problems.

… recent years the aviation industry has seen the emergence … world-wide attacks … the safety and security … the traveling public, airlines, and aircraft. Acts … unlawful interference have also occurred .. airports and airline facilities.

Annex 17 prescribes International Aviation Security Standards and Recommended Practices.

Annex 18 regulates dangerous goods transportations, while Annex 8 is devoted to Airworthiness of Aircraft.

ICAO publishes “ICAO Bulletin” (a monthly journal) which contains necessary information for aviation specialists.

Ukraine joined the International Civil Aviation Organization … 1991 and ratified all main legislative and regulatory documents … ICAO.

Exercise 15. Give title and put questions to the text.

ICAO has a responsibility under its founding Chicago Convention of 1944 to promote the free, expeditious and unimpeded passage of an aircraft and its occupants across international boundaries. The most important is the establishment of the goal to clear all the passengers requiring the normal inspection at major international airports within 45 minutes of disembarkation, regardless of the aircraft size and scheduled arrival time.

The need to prevent terrorism and the requiring to suppress trafficking in narcotics and to guard against the rising tide of illegal immigrants (inadmissible persons) have led governments around the world to tighten security. New methods are technologically advanced screening equipment: metal detectors, x-ray scanners, bar-code scanners, mass spectroscopy, chemiluminescence and low-energy neutron bombardment for detection of narcotics, weapons and other restricted items.

Exercise 16. Speak on ICAO using the scheme.

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organization

Year of foundation:

1944

Main document:

Chicago Convention, December 7, 1944, Signed by 52 contracting states

Headquarters:

Montreal (Canada)

The main body

The Assembly

The executive body

The Council

Air Navigation Committee

Air Transport Committee

Legal Commission:

Finance Committee:

Economic Committee:

regularity and safety of flights

efficiency of inter air transportation

recommendations on the issues of international air law

financial activities of ICAO

technical assistance to developing countries

Exercise 17. Learn the following words and word combinations.

equidistant	– рівновіддалений
inscribe	– надписувати
wreath	– вінок
conventional	– традиційний, загальноприйнятий
incorporation	– злиття, об’єднання
Cyrillic character	– літера з кирилиці

Exercise 18.Read, translate and give the gist of text 3.

Text 3. ICAO Emblem

Figure 1. The ICAO Emblem

The United Nations emblem constitutes the basis of the ICAO emblem. The design adopted for the UN emblem may be described as follows: a map of the world on a north polar azimuthally equidistant projection inscribed in a wreath of crossed conventional branches of an olive tree; the projection extends to 60 degrees south latitude and includes five concentric circles, all except the central circle being divided into octants, with the Greenwich meridian as the lower vertical axis. The two symbols composing the UN emblem are the olive branch, which can be traced back to ancient Greece as a symbol of peace and the world map, which depicts the area of concern to the United Nations in achieving its primary intended purpose of maintaining international peace and security.

In 1955 United Nations authorized the use of the United Nations emblem with the design of the wings superimposed to serve as the official emblem of ICAO.

The incorporation of the initials “ICAO” and “OACI” refers to the English, French and Spanish denominations of the International Civil Aviation Organization as the original text of the Convention on International Civil Aviation had been drawn up in those three languages.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics USSR became the 120th member of ICAO on 14 November 1970. In 1971 the Russian language was introduced as a fourth official language of ICAO. It should be noted that the Cyrillic characters adopted for the emblem do not correspond to the initials of the Organization in Russian, but rather the transliteration of the English ICAO.

The Chinese Language was adopted as one of the working languages of ICAO in 1977.

In 1986 Arabic was approved as a working language at ICAO. The Arabic inscription emblem is not an Arabic word but a transliteration from the English.

The compilation of the various emblems used by ICAO since its inception has shown a consistent evolution of the design according to the languages used by the Organization, with however the accent put on having a pattern close to the emblem of the United Nations, embracing the world through the spirit of cooperation to achieve the safe and orderly development of civil aviation.

Exercise 19. Answer the questions on text 3.

1. What is the basis of the ICAO emblem? 2. What is the design of the UN emblem? 3. What are the meanings of the two symbols composing the UN Emblem? 4. What three languages appear on the ICAO emblem? Why? 5. What language was introduced as a fourth working language of ICAO? When? 6. What do the Arabic and the Chinese inscriptions mean? 7. What does the compilation of the ICAO emblems show?

Exercise 20. Make sure that you know the following words and phrases.

North polar, a wreath, projection, conventional branches, axis, south latitude, to depict, the area of concern, primary purpose, maintain peace and security, incorporation, denomination, transliteration, compilation.

Exercise 21. Complete the sentences according to the text.

1. The UN emblem constitutes … . 2. The olive branch comes from … and means … . 3. The world map depicts … . 4. The working languages of ICAO are … . 5. The incorporation of the initials “ICAO” refer to … . 6. To embrace the world through the spirit of cooperation to achieve the safe and orderly development of civil aviation is … .

Exercise 22. Translate the sentences. Mind the meanings of the word “character”. Put a question to the underlined words.

1. Openness is at the heart of the American character. 2. Everyone recognized Disney’s cartoon characters. 3. The campaign was accused of character assassination because of its negative ads. 4. The Chinese characters differ from the Cyrillic ones.

Exercise 23. Learn the following words and word combinations.

scheduled traffic	– регулярні рейси
awareness	– обізнаність
impact	– вплив
stakeholders	– акціонери
expertise	– компетентність
complexities	– складнощі

Exercise 24. Read, translate and give the gist of text 4.

Text 4.International Air Transport Association (IATA)

Air transport is one of the most dynamic industries in the world. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) is its global trade organization.

Over 60 years, IATA has developed the commercial standards that built a global industry. Today, IATA’s mission is to represent, lead and serve the airline industry. Its members comprise some 230 airlines - the worlds leading passenger and cargo airlines among them - representing 93 percent of scheduled international air traffic.

IATA seeks to improve understanding of the industry among decision makers and increase awareness of the benefits that aviation brings to national and global economies. It fights for the interests of airlines across the globe.

IATA’s aim is to help airlines help themselves by simplifying processes and increasing passenger convenience while reducing costs and improving efficiency. Safety is IATA’s number one priority, and IATA’s goal is to continually improve safety standards. Another main concern is to minimize the impact of air transport on environment.

IATA ensures that people and goods can move around the global airline network as easily as if they were on a single airline in a single country. In addition, it provides essential professional support to all industry stakeholders with a wide range of products and expert services, such as publications, training and consulting. IATA’s financial systems also help carriers and the travel industry maximize revenues.

For consumers, IATA simplifies the travel and shipping processes, while keeping costs down. Passengers can make one telephone call to reserve a ticket, pay in one currency and then use the ticket on several airlines in several countries.

IATA allows airlines to operate safely, securely, efficiently and economically under clearly defined rules.

IATA serves as an intermediary between airlines and passenger as well as cargo agents via neutrally applied agency service standards and centralized financial systems.

A large network of industry suppliers and service provides gathered by IATA provides solid expertise to airlines in a variety of industry solutions.

For governments, IATA seeks to ensure they are well informed about the complexities of the aviation industry to ensure better, long-term decisions.

IATA’s aims are:

1. To promote safe, regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the peoples of the world, to foster air commerce, and to study the problems connected therewith;

2. To provide means for collaboration among the air transport enterprises engaged directly or indirectly in international air transport service;

3. To cooperate with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO - the specialized United Nations agency for civil aviation) and other international organizations.

Exercise 25. Answer the questions on text 4.

1.What does IATA stand for? 2. What industry is one of the most dynamic? 3. What is IATA’s mission? 4. What/Who are the members of IATA? 5. What does IATA seek? 6. What does IATA fight for? 7. What are the priorities of IATA? 8. What does IATA provide for consumers /airlines/ industry suppliers/governments? 9. What are the aims of IATA?

Exercise 26. Make up your own sentences using the following word combinations: to develop the standards, to build a global industry, to increase awareness of the benefits, to simplify the process, to reduce costs, to improve efficiency, to minimize the impact (on), to provide support to stakeholders, a wide range of products and services, to maximize revenues, shipping process, solid expertise, a variety of solutions, to inform about complexities, to ensure long-term decisions, to foster air commerce.

Exercise 27. Translate into English.

1.Завдяки роботі ІАТА пасажири можуть бронювати квиток по телефону, сплачувати в одній валюті, а подорожувати по різним країнам. 2.ІАТА надає переваги всім зацікавленим сторонам: споживачам, авіакомпаніям, постачальникам, вантажним агентам, урядам тощо. 3.ІАТА створила чітко визначені правила з усіх видів діяльності в авіаційній галузі. 4.Саме ІАТА забезпечує всі автотранспортні підприємства засобами для співпраці.5.ІАТА намагається покращити взаєморозуміння між структурами, які посередньо або безпосередньо залучені у сферу авіації.

Exercise 28. Speak on IATA using the scheme.

IATA

International Air Transport Association

Year of foundation:

1945 in Havana

Main document:

Montreal, Geneva

Affiliates:

more than 200 airlines

The main body

General Annual Meeting

The executive body

The Executive Committee

Financial committee

Legal committee

Technical committee

Traffic committee

Medical committee

accounting and settlement between airlines, currency and exchange, taxation, charges, insurance, statistics

the legal ground on which the whole structure of interline agreement and documentation is based

cooperation among airlines in operational and technical matters

the commercial activities of the airlines, exchange of traffic between airlines

all physiological and psychological factors which might affect safety, comfort and efficiency of air crew and passengers

Exercise 29. Put questions to the sentences.

1. IATA deals with the non-political aspects of air transport operation. 2. IATA’s budget is financed from the dues paid by its members, largely in proportion to the part of the total international air traffic which each carries. 3. Some IATA activities are self-supporting through charges for services rendered.

Exercise 30. Learn the following words and word combinations.

jet plane	– реактивний літак
propeller airplane	– гвинтовий літак
trunk line	– головна повітряна лінія
feeder line	– допоміжна повітряна лінія
scheduled flight	– регулярні рейси
non-scheduled flight	– нерегулярні рейси
to make a reservation	– бронювати місце (на літаку)
jumbo jet	– великий реактивний літак
charters	– чартерні рейси
in-flight service	– обслуговування під час рейсу
aisle	– прохід
departure gate	– місце виходу з аеровокзалу на посадку
passenger compartment	– пасажирський салон
reclining seat	– відкидне крісло
maintenance	– технічне обслуговування
air traffic control	– центр керування повітряним рухом
ground service personnel	– наземний обслуговуючий персонал

Exercise 31. Read, translate and the gist of text 5.

Text 5. Airline services

The airlines of the world offer many varieties of services in many different kinds of aircraft. Transcontinental and transoceanic flights are made in giant jet planes, some of which can carry several hundred passengers on each flight. Smaller jets are commonly used on the shorter, more heavily travelled routes between major centres of population – Paris-London, for example, or New York-Chicago. In contrast to the jets are propeller airplanes, which are slower and smaller than the jets. Many different kinds of propeller planes fly on short routes into small airports.

There are several ways in which airline service can be divided into categories. One distinction is between trunk lines and feeder lines. Trunk lines are those which operate between major population centres. New York to San Juan, Puerto Rico, is an example of a trunk route. Feeder lines, which are sometimes called local lines, connect smaller cities and towns with each other or with the major centres and the major airports.

Airline passenger service can be divided into scheduled and non-scheduled flights. A scheduled flight leaves at the same time on the same day to the same destination. The schedule for the flight is published by the airline in its timetable. The passenger can make a reservation in advance for a scheduled flight with the reasonable expectation that the flight will leave at a certain time and go to a certain place regardless of the number of passengers who have tickets for the flight. Many scheduled flights often carry only a small number of passengers.

A non-scheduled flight depends on the availability of passengers and aircraft. Non-scheduled flights may carry only a few passengers in a small plane, or they may carry hundreds of people on a jumbo jet. These latter flights are often called charters. Charters are especially popular with groups on vacation since they usually cost much less than scheduled flights on the same routes. Scheduled airlines often provide non-scheduled services – particularly charter flights – during the tourist season.

On the flight itself, there is usually a distinction between first class and economy, which was formerly known as tourist class. The first class passenger has more space and receives more in-flight service. In most modern jets, the seating plan in first class is usually two seats on each side of the aisle; in economy there are usually three seats side by side. The first class seats are usually farther apart so that the passenger has more room for his legs. To the passenger, the chief difference between first class and economy may well be the cost – first-class fares are much higher than economy fares.

Many airlines offer one-service flights, especially on short, heavily travelled routes. In the USA on a few routes, notably New York-Washington, New York-Boston, and Los Angeles-San Francisco, there are shuttle flights. The passenger does not have to make a reservation in advance, and he pays for his ticket either at the departure gate or on the flight itself.

A final distinction is between passenger and freight (or cargo) service. In the early days of the airlines, freight was usually carried in the baggage compartment of the plane. In some cases, freight was even carried in the passenger compartment. In this event, the reclining seats were taken out, the passengers sat in “bucket seats” along the sides of the plane, and the freight was strapped down in the middle of the compartment. Nowadays, small shipments may still be carried in the baggage compartment, but there are also special planes which provide both scheduled and non-scheduled air freight service. Some of these planes are converted from passenger aircraft; others are specially designed to carry freight. With these special planes, freight in bulk can be moved by air, though the cost is usually considerably higher than surface shipment.

The airline industry is still very young, but it is growing rapidly often occupying an increasingly important place in the economy of many nations. In some areas of the world, air service is the only effective means of public transportation. Today the airlines carry millions of passengers every year on both local and long-distance flights. They employ thousands of people to handle the passengers and freight that they carry.

Many of these people work in various technical jobs where they have little or no direct contact with the public – in aircraft maintenance or air traffic control, for example. Thousands of others, however, come into daily contact with the travelling public. They include reservations and ticket agents, ground service personnel, cabin attendants and other flight personnel, and many others.

Exercise 32 . Translate into Ukrainian.

To offer many varieties of services, giant jet planes, propeller airplanes, to fly on short routes, trunk lines, feeder lines, scheduled and nonscheduled flights, destination, to depend on the availability of passengers and aircraft, a jumbo jet, in-flight service, first class and economy (tourist) class, to have two seats on each side of the aisle, heavily traveled routes, shuttle flights, to make a reservation in advance, to pay for the ticket either at the departure gate or on the flight itself, passenger and freight service, to be carried in the baggage compartment of the plane, the reclining seats, “bucket seats”, to be strapped down in the middle of the compartment, to be converted from passenger aircraft, to be designer aircraft, to be designer to carry freight, freight in bulk, to employ thousands of people, to handle passengers and freight, aircraft maintenance, air traffic control, to have little or no direct contact with the public.

Exercise 3 3 . Name the following definitions.

A journey made by air, esp. in an aircraft; a very large aircraft with one or more jet engines; an aircraft with two or more blades, fixed to a revolving rod for propelling; lines which connect smaller cities and towns with each other or with the major centers and the major airports; lines which operate between major population centres; flight which is performed due to the depends on the availability of passengers and aircraft, the hiring of an aircraft for a particular purpose or group of people; a passage between rows of seat in an aircraft; flight performed by aircraft with the most comfortable accommodation; the cheapest class of air travel (second class).

Exercise 3 4 . Define the following terms: trunk lines, feeder lines, scheduled flights, charter flight, first class flight, economy (tourist) class flight, shuttle flight.

Exercise 3 5 . Answer the questions.

1. What services do the airlines of the world offer? 2. What flights are made in giant jet planes? 3. What routes are smaller jets commonly used on? 4. Why do many kinds of propeller planes fly on short routs into small airports? 5. What is the distinction between trunk lines and feeder lines? 6. What flights can airline passenger service be divided into? 7. What distinction is there between scheduled and non-scheduled flight? 8. When are charters especially popular? 9. What distinction is there between first class and economy class flight? 10. When do airlines offer shuttle flights? 11. What do you know about passenger and freight service? 12. Why are some planes converted from passenger aircraft into freighters? 13. Why is the airline industry growing rapidly often occupying an increasingly important place in the economy of many nations?

Exercise 3 6 . Name and analyze the use of tense-form in text 5.

Exercise 3 7. Learn the words and word combinations from the text.

handle (process)	– обслуговувати; обробляти
terminal building	– аеровокзал
passenger and baggage-handling (processing) counter	– стійка обслуговування пасажирів та обробки багажу
ticket counter (booking office)	– білетна каса
check-in counter	– стійка реєстрації пасажирів
baggage claim area (luggage retrieval)	– зона отримання багажу
information counter (inquiry office)	– інформаційна стійка (довідкове бюро)
information board	– інформаційне табло
telecommunication facilities	– засоби телекомунікацій
flight catering activities	– служба бортового харчування
cash advances on credit card	– видача готівки за кредитною карткою
money order	– грошовий переказ
foreign currency exchange	– обмін іноземної валюти
ATM (automated teller machine)	– банкомат
lounge (or lobby)	– зал аеровокзалу
Wi-Fi (wireless Internet service)	– безпровідний Інтернет, мережа Wi-Fi

Exercise 3 8 . Read, translate and give the gist of text 6.

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