Fill in the gaps in this paragraph about light crude oil.

Light crude oil is a form of crude oil which can be used to make products like 1. ______________ and 2. ______________. Light crude oil is considered more valuable than 3. ______________ and usually receives a 4. ______________ price on commodity markets. Light crude oil usually has a low 5. ______________ content. This means that the viscosity of the oil is much lower, which makes it easier to 6. ______________ and 7. ______________. It also contains a larger percentage of fractions which can be 8. ______________ into fuels which are in high demand. Many 9. ______________ prefer to work with light crude oil.

 

Translate into English.

1. Неочищенная нефть – это темная вязкая жидкость, которая состоит в основном из углеводородов, а также небольшого количества серы, азота и кислорода.

2. Нефть обычно черного цвета, но может также быть зеленой, красной или коричневой.

3. Существует несколько классификаций нефти. Согласно одной из них выделяют легкую и тяжелую нефть.

4. Легкая нефть имеет низкую плотность, малую вязкость из-за низкого содержания в ней парафина. Она свободно течет при комнатной температуре и плавает на поверхности воды.

5. Легкую нефть легче добывать и транспортировать. При переработке из нее получают больше бензина и дизельного топлива, чем из тяжелой нефти.

6. Тяжелая нефть имеет большую плотность и вязкость. Она настолько плотная, что в воде опускается на дно.

7. Тяжелую нефть трудно качать насосами и транспортировать по трубопроводам. 

8. Разрабатываются специализированные технологии добычи и транспортировки тяжелой нефти.

 

10.  Speak about crude oil according to the following plan:

1. meaning of the term “petroleum”;

2. properties of light crude oil;

3. properties of heavy crude oil;

4. challenges that production, transportation and refining of heavy crude oil

present.     

UNIT IV

The Search for Oil and Gas

 

Start-up

How were oil deposits detected in the past? What methods are used nowadays?

 

Read and learn the following words.

1. exploration – исследование

2. to seep – просачиваться (здесь: выходить на поверхность)

3. prospector – геологоразведчик

4. approach – подход

5. to contain – содержать

6. survey – исследование

7. to carry out a survey – проводить исследование

8. to detect – обнаруживать, находить

9. remote sensing surveys – дистанционные исследования

10. to measure – измерять

11. encouraging – обнадеживающий

12. aircraft – самолет

13. gravitational pull – сила притяжения, гравитация

14. to cause – вызывать, быть причиной

15. strength – сила

16. to undertake – предпринимать

17. observation – наблюдение

18. to map – наносить на карту

19. oil bearing strata – нефтеносный пласт

 

2. Read and translate the words of the same root:

To explore – exploration; to discover – discovery; to seep – seepage; science – scientist – scientific – scientifically; to vary – various – variations; to measure – measurement; to observe – observation; to map – map; to drill – drilling – drilled.

 

Read and translate the following words. Pay attention to the pronunciation.

Scientific approach, rock layer, geophysicist, physical characteristics, magnetic properties, gravitational pull, variations in density, visual methods, gravimetric measuring, seismic measuring, final test, oil bearing strata.

 

Read the text and translate it into Russian.

The Search for Oil

    In the early days of commercial oil exploration, around 150 years ago, prospectors drilled around the areas where oil seeped to the surface, trying to find the underground source of the oil. Sometimes they were lucky but often they found nothing.

       Today, drilling for oil is an extremely expensive business and has to be approached scientifically. Through science we have discovered how oil and gas formed. Rock structures that contain oil or gas are hidden by the sea or other rock layers, and we have to do a full survey of the area. This is where geologists and geophysicist are valuable.

       A geologist looks at the makeup of rocks – where they are and the formations they make. A geophysicist uses the physical characteristics of rocks – their magnetic and gravitational properties, and how sound waves travel through different kinds of rocks – to help understand the structures below the Earth’s surface.

       The rocks that may contain oil or gas are less dense than the others. These differences can be detected by remote sensing surveys carried out from ships that make no direct contact with the rock structures beneath the sea.

       Aircraft can also be used to measure the gravitational pull of the Earth over an area. Small differences in the gravitational pull are caused by variations in the density of the underlying rocks. Because some rocks are more magnetic than others, we can also measure variations in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field.

       General survey techniques cover large areas quite quickly and easily and help to build a broad picture of the rock structures. If the results are encouraging the second stage of explorations is undertaken.

In summary, oil deposits are detected by visual, geological and geographical methods.

1. Visual methods include observations of oil seepages.

2. Geological methods include mapping the age of rocks, their nature and types of formations present.

3. Geographical methods include:

a) gravimetric measuring the variation in density of the earth's crust;

b) seismic and magnetic measuring;

Drilling is the final test for oil bearing strata.

⇐ Предыдущая12345678Следующая ⇒

Поделиться: