Complete the beginning of the sentence with each of the suggested endings.

When the science supervisor came to the lab…

· …Steve was checking the results.

· …David checked the results.

· …Mathew had checked the results.

Answer the questions.

1. Who of the students is the most hardworking?
2. Who is the laziest?
3. Who will have a chance to listen to the comment of his chief?

Write three similar sentences of your own.

Read and translate the following sentences.

1. When we checked the result another time we saw a mistake in our calculations.
2. The technique was proposed in 1963 by Pietre van Heerden who was working at that time on holographic technologies.

3. While experimenting with the passage of electric current in a tube from which most of the air had been removed, Roentgen made two observations.

Answer the questions.

1. Do the actions in the above sentences happen simultaneously?

2. What grammar shows that:

• they are/were simultaneous?
• they follow each other in chronological order?
• one of them happened earlier than the other?

Part III

Vocabulary

Answer the questions.

1. What is Albert Einstein most known for?

2. What was he given the Nobel Prize for?

Read the paragraph.

The modern concept of the photon was developed gradually by Albert Einstein to explain experimental observations that did not fit the classical wave model of light. In particular, the photon model accounted for the frequency dependence of light's energy, and explained the ability of matter and radiation to be in thermal equilibrium. It also accounted for anomalous observations, including the properties of black body radiation, that other physicists, most notably Max Planck, had sought to explain using semi- classical models, in which light is still described by Maxwell's equations, but the material objects that emit and absorb light are quantized. Although these semi- classical models contributed to the development of quantum mechanics, further experiments proved Einstein's hypothesis that light itself is quantized; the quanta of light are photons.

Translate the underlined words.

 

Find Russian equivalents for the word combinations in bold.

Translate the following sentences.

 

Useful advice

 

Note that if a verb has a preposition, you should look it up in a dictionary with that preposition.

 

 

A

1. Electric utilities account for 40 percent of the nation's emissions of carbon dioxide, the principal greenhouse gas.

2. Since particle models cannot easily account for the refraction, diffraction and birefringence of light, wave theories of light were proposed by Rene Descartes (1637) and Robert Hooke (1665).

3. The Maxwell wave theory does not account for all properties of light.

4. Theorists have determined that the earliest moments of the fiery Big Bang could have produced these particles in precisely the abundance to account for dark matter.

5. The report does not take into account issues such as current agricultural lands swamped by rising sea levels.

 

B

1. Particle models remained dominant, chiefly due to the influence of Isaac Newton.

2. It is probably due to this principle that the drops of rain are so much larger in thunderstorms than in ordinary showers.

3. The variations in the resistance of metals in a finely divided state were shown to be due to the action of the electrical, or Hertzian, waves.

 

C

1. All these activities generate greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change.

2. We face ethical as well as scientific problems and our work should contribute to welfare of future generations.

Part IV

Writing a paper

Write three sentences dealing with some scientific facts, where the actions:

• follow each other,
• happen at the same time,
• one action was before the other.

2. Write some sentences of your own using the following word combinations:

• account for,
• contribute to,
• due to.

Write a short paragraph (150 words). Describe some scientific facts or events. Use sentences in different tenses and the vocabulary of Part III.

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